This is the list of the Signers of The Articles of Confederation. Thus far we have visited 30 of the 48 signers gravesites. Sadly, five of the 48 signers burial locations are Unknown, and one is Unmarked.
An excellent source of information about the Signers can be found at the following National Archives website: Articles of Confederation (1777)
Name
DOB - DOD
Burial Location
Visited
Thomas Adams
1730 - Aug 1788
Unknown
---
John Banister
26 Dec 1734 - 23 Sep 1788
Unknown
---
William Clingan
1721 - 9 May 1790
Parkesburg, PA
Francis Dana
June 13 1743 – Apr 25 1811
Cambridge, MA
William Henry Drayton
1742 - 3 Sep 1779
Charleston, SC
James Duane
6 Feb 1733 - 1 Feb 1797
Duanesburg, NY
William Duer
18 Mar 1747 - 7 May 1799
New York, NY
Cornelius Harnett
Apr 10 1723 – Apr 20 1781
Wilmington, NC
Samuel Holten
9 Jun 1738 - 2 Jan 1816
Danvers, MA
Edward Langworthy
1738 - 2 Sep 1802
Unknown
---
James Lovell
31 Oct 1737 - 14 Jul 1814
Unknown
---
John Mathews
1744 - 17 Nov 1802
Charleston, SC
Gouverneur Morris
31 Jan 1752 - 6 Nov 1816
Bronx, NY
Daniel Roberdeau
29 Dec 1727 - 5 Jan 1795
Winchester, VA
Edward Telfair
1735 - 17 Sep 1807
Savannah, GA
John Walton
1738 - 15 Nov 1783
Unknown
---
John Wentworth, Jr.
30 Jul 1745 - 10 Jan 1787
Portsmouth, NH
John Williams
10 May 1731 - 10 Oct 1799
Unmarked
---
* Gravesite on Private Property
Historical Background
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union served as the United States' first governing framework, crafted during a time of great upheaval and transformation. Emerging from the debates held by the Second Continental Congress between July 1776 and November 1777, the Articles were finalized on November 15, 1777, and came into effect on March 1, 1781, following ratification by all 13 states. This document sought to establish a league of friendship among the states, preserving their independence and sovereignty while creating a confederal government with limited powers, reflective of the authority formerly held by the British Crown.
The Articles provided a clear set of rules for how the states would cooperate under this new union. However, even before all states had ratified the Articles, the Continental Congress operated under its provisions, managing the war effort, diplomacy, territorial issues, and relations with Native American tribes. When the Articles officially took effect, the Continental Congress was renamed the Congress of the Confederation, although it remained largely unchanged in structure and function.
As the new government attempted to manage the growing nation, it quickly became apparent that the central government's powers were too limited. The Congress struggled with assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce, making it difficult to govern effectively. The weaknesses of the Articles were starkly revealed in the aftermath of events like Shays' Rebellion, leading many to call for a stronger central government.
This call for change culminated in a meeting in Philadelphia in May 1787, initially intended to revise the Articles. However, the delegates at the Constitutional Convention soon realized that the problems with the Articles could not be resolved through mere amendments. Instead, they chose to draft an entirely new constitution, which provided for a much stronger federal government. This new Constitution, which established a chief executive, courts, and taxing powers, was adopted on March 4, 1789, replacing the Articles of Confederation and ushering in a new era of American governance.
The creation of the Articles of Confederation can be traced back to earlier efforts at colonial cooperation, such as the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan. These early attempts at inter-colonial collaboration laid the groundwork for the concepts that would later shape the Articles. Over time, as colonial resistance to British rule grew, the need for a unified front became more pressing. The British government's coercive measures, such as the Intolerable Acts, and the armed skirmishes that followed, pushed many colonists to favor independence.
By 1775, the Second Continental Congress had begun acting as the provisional government for the United Colonies. Recognizing the need for a formal framework to legitimize their actions and secure international support, Congress sought to draft a written constitution. This effort was driven by the belief that a clear set of rules was necessary for the new nation to function effectively and gain recognition from foreign powers.
The drafting of the Articles of Confederation was part of a broader effort to establish the United States as a legitimate nation on the international stage. Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet, "Common Sense", argued that a formal declaration of independence was essential for gaining foreign allies, particularly from monarchies like France and Spain, who were reluctant to support rebels against another monarch. Paine contended that a declaration would demonstrate that the United States was a sovereign nation, deserving of equal standing with other countries.
In June 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution in Congress calling for independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and the preparation of a plan of confederation. Congress responded by creating committees to draft the Declaration of Independence, a model treaty for foreign relations, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the United States' entry into the international community, the model treaty sought to establish trade relationships, and the Articles created a framework for the new nation to manage both domestic and foreign affairs.
The Articles of Confederation represented a critical first step in the United States' journey toward nationhood. While the document ultimately proved inadequate for governing the rapidly expanding nation, it laid the foundation for the stronger federal government established by the Constitution. The Articles' legacy is a testament to the challenges and complexities of building a new nation from the ground up.
The Articles provided a clear set of rules for how the states would cooperate under this new union. However, even before all states had ratified the Articles, the Continental Congress operated under its provisions, managing the war effort, diplomacy, territorial issues, and relations with Native American tribes. When the Articles officially took effect, the Continental Congress was renamed the Congress of the Confederation, although it remained largely unchanged in structure and function.
As the new government attempted to manage the growing nation, it quickly became apparent that the central government's powers were too limited. The Congress struggled with assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce, making it difficult to govern effectively. The weaknesses of the Articles were starkly revealed in the aftermath of events like Shays' Rebellion, leading many to call for a stronger central government.
This call for change culminated in a meeting in Philadelphia in May 1787, initially intended to revise the Articles. However, the delegates at the Constitutional Convention soon realized that the problems with the Articles could not be resolved through mere amendments. Instead, they chose to draft an entirely new constitution, which provided for a much stronger federal government. This new Constitution, which established a chief executive, courts, and taxing powers, was adopted on March 4, 1789, replacing the Articles of Confederation and ushering in a new era of American governance.
The creation of the Articles of Confederation can be traced back to earlier efforts at colonial cooperation, such as the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan. These early attempts at inter-colonial collaboration laid the groundwork for the concepts that would later shape the Articles. Over time, as colonial resistance to British rule grew, the need for a unified front became more pressing. The British government's coercive measures, such as the Intolerable Acts, and the armed skirmishes that followed, pushed many colonists to favor independence.
By 1775, the Second Continental Congress had begun acting as the provisional government for the United Colonies. Recognizing the need for a formal framework to legitimize their actions and secure international support, Congress sought to draft a written constitution. This effort was driven by the belief that a clear set of rules was necessary for the new nation to function effectively and gain recognition from foreign powers.
The drafting of the Articles of Confederation was part of a broader effort to establish the United States as a legitimate nation on the international stage. Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet, "Common Sense", argued that a formal declaration of independence was essential for gaining foreign allies, particularly from monarchies like France and Spain, who were reluctant to support rebels against another monarch. Paine contended that a declaration would demonstrate that the United States was a sovereign nation, deserving of equal standing with other countries.
In June 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution in Congress calling for independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and the preparation of a plan of confederation. Congress responded by creating committees to draft the Declaration of Independence, a model treaty for foreign relations, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the United States' entry into the international community, the model treaty sought to establish trade relationships, and the Articles created a framework for the new nation to manage both domestic and foreign affairs.
The Articles of Confederation represented a critical first step in the United States' journey toward nationhood. While the document ultimately proved inadequate for governing the rapidly expanding nation, it laid the foundation for the stronger federal government established by the Constitution. The Articles' legacy is a testament to the challenges and complexities of building a new nation from the ground up.
Andrew Adams
Jan 7 1736 – Nov 26 1797
Home:
Litchfield, CT
Education:
Yale College
Profession:
Lawyer, Statesman, and Chief Justice
Info:
Andrew Adams, born on January 7, 1736, in Stratford, Connecticut, was an influential figure in the American Revolution and early U.S. judiciary. He was the son of Samuel Adams (no relation to the famed patriot Samuel Adams) and Mary Fairchild Adams. After receiving a classical education, Adams graduated from Yale College in 1760. By 1764, he began practicing law in Litchfield, Connecticut, where he quickly rose to prominence as one of the city’s leading attorneys. He married Eunice Buel, and they had one son, Andrew Adams Jr.
Adams dedicated his career to both law and public service. During the Revolutionary War, he joined the Connecticut militia, attaining the rank of Colonel. He was a member of the Connecticut Council of Safety, tasked with overseeing the state's defense and wartime logistics. From 1776 to 1781, he served in the Connecticut House of Representatives, holding the position of Speaker in 1779 and 1780.
In 1778, Adams was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress. Although he did not sign the Declaration of Independence, he did sign the Articles of Confederation that same year, helping to formalize the first governing framework for the United States. His involvement in national politics showcased his dedication to the fledgling nation’s stability and governance.
During his tenure in the Continental Congress, Adams corresponded with Governor Jonathan Trumbull and other leaders regarding military challenges and financial matters faced by the states. His letters reflected a deep concern for strategic decisions affecting New England's military operations, particularly the difficulties arising from the withdrawal of French naval support during the campaign in Rhode Island.
After his service in Congress, Adams returned to state politics. In 1789, he was appointed to the Connecticut Supreme Court. His legal acumen and leadership earned him the role of Chief Justice in 1793, a position he held until his death. As Chief Justice, Adams was praised for his integrity, intellect, and contributions to the state’s judiciary.
Adams died on November 26, 1797, at the age of 63, in Litchfield, Connecticut. He was buried in what is now known as the West Cemetery in Litchfield. His epitaph honored his distinguished service, noting his ability, dignity, and dedication to justice, religion, and family.
Andrew Adams’ legacy is that of a committed patriot, a skilled lawyer, and a respected judge who played a pivotal role in shaping both Connecticut and the emerging United States during a critical period in the nation's history.
Adams dedicated his career to both law and public service. During the Revolutionary War, he joined the Connecticut militia, attaining the rank of Colonel. He was a member of the Connecticut Council of Safety, tasked with overseeing the state's defense and wartime logistics. From 1776 to 1781, he served in the Connecticut House of Representatives, holding the position of Speaker in 1779 and 1780.
In 1778, Adams was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress. Although he did not sign the Declaration of Independence, he did sign the Articles of Confederation that same year, helping to formalize the first governing framework for the United States. His involvement in national politics showcased his dedication to the fledgling nation’s stability and governance.
During his tenure in the Continental Congress, Adams corresponded with Governor Jonathan Trumbull and other leaders regarding military challenges and financial matters faced by the states. His letters reflected a deep concern for strategic decisions affecting New England's military operations, particularly the difficulties arising from the withdrawal of French naval support during the campaign in Rhode Island.
After his service in Congress, Adams returned to state politics. In 1789, he was appointed to the Connecticut Supreme Court. His legal acumen and leadership earned him the role of Chief Justice in 1793, a position he held until his death. As Chief Justice, Adams was praised for his integrity, intellect, and contributions to the state’s judiciary.
Adams died on November 26, 1797, at the age of 63, in Litchfield, Connecticut. He was buried in what is now known as the West Cemetery in Litchfield. His epitaph honored his distinguished service, noting his ability, dignity, and dedication to justice, religion, and family.
Andrew Adams’ legacy is that of a committed patriot, a skilled lawyer, and a respected judge who played a pivotal role in shaping both Connecticut and the emerging United States during a critical period in the nation's history.
Andrew Adams 2024
Thomas Adams
1730 - Aug 1788
Home:
Cowpasture, Augusta County, VA
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Politician and Businessman
Info:
Thomas Adams, born around 1730 in New Kent County, Virginia, was a notable politician, businessman, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was the son of Ebenezer Adams, a London native who immigrated to Virginia before 1714, and Tabitha Cocke. Adams received his education at common schools in his home county.
Adams began his public career serving as a clerk of Henrico County and vestryman of the local parish between 1757 and 1761. He also held a position as a churchwarden until 1762 and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. His involvement in civic and church affairs established his reputation as a trusted community leader.
In 1762, Adams moved to England, where he managed extensive business interests. He resided there for over a decade, returning to Virginia around 1774, just as tensions with Britain were escalating toward the American Revolution. Upon his return, Adams became actively involved in the patriot cause, serving as chairman of the New Kent County Committee of Safety. On May 27, 1774, he signed the Virginia Association, a document adopted by the House of Burgesses advocating a boycott of British goods to protest British policies.
In 1778, Adams was selected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served until 1779. During his tenure, he signed the Articles of Confederation, the first formal agreement among the American states, solidifying his role as a Founding Father of the nation.
After his time in Congress, Adams relocated to Augusta County, Virginia, where he continued his political service. He was elected to the Virginia State Senate, representing the county during the 9th, 10th, and 11th legislatures from 1784 to 1787. His contributions to state governance further demonstrated his commitment to the principles of the new republic.
Thomas Adams married Elizabeth Fauntleroy Cocke, the widow of his cousin, Bowler Cocke. He spent his later years on his estate known as “Cowpasture” in Augusta County. Adams passed away in August 1788, although some sources report his death in October of that year.
Through his dedication to public service and the revolutionary cause, Thomas Adams played a significant role in shaping both Virginia’s governance and the early United States. His legacy as a signer of the Articles of Confederation and as a steadfast public servant endures as part of America’s founding history.
Adams began his public career serving as a clerk of Henrico County and vestryman of the local parish between 1757 and 1761. He also held a position as a churchwarden until 1762 and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. His involvement in civic and church affairs established his reputation as a trusted community leader.
In 1762, Adams moved to England, where he managed extensive business interests. He resided there for over a decade, returning to Virginia around 1774, just as tensions with Britain were escalating toward the American Revolution. Upon his return, Adams became actively involved in the patriot cause, serving as chairman of the New Kent County Committee of Safety. On May 27, 1774, he signed the Virginia Association, a document adopted by the House of Burgesses advocating a boycott of British goods to protest British policies.
In 1778, Adams was selected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served until 1779. During his tenure, he signed the Articles of Confederation, the first formal agreement among the American states, solidifying his role as a Founding Father of the nation.
After his time in Congress, Adams relocated to Augusta County, Virginia, where he continued his political service. He was elected to the Virginia State Senate, representing the county during the 9th, 10th, and 11th legislatures from 1784 to 1787. His contributions to state governance further demonstrated his commitment to the principles of the new republic.
Thomas Adams married Elizabeth Fauntleroy Cocke, the widow of his cousin, Bowler Cocke. He spent his later years on his estate known as “Cowpasture” in Augusta County. Adams passed away in August 1788, although some sources report his death in October of that year.
Through his dedication to public service and the revolutionary cause, Thomas Adams played a significant role in shaping both Virginia’s governance and the early United States. His legacy as a signer of the Articles of Confederation and as a steadfast public servant endures as part of America’s founding history.
Thomas Adams
Samuel Adams
Sept 27 1722 – Oct 2 1803
Home:
Boston, MA
Education:
Harvard College
Profession:
Statesman, Revolutionary Leader and Brewer
Info:
Samuel Adams, born on September 27, 1722, in Boston, Massachusetts, was a pivotal figure in the American Revolution and a Founding Father of the United States. Known for his steadfast dedication to liberty, Adams played an instrumental role in shaping American republicanism and promoting colonial resistance against British rule.
Raised in a devout Puritan family, Adams graduated from Harvard College in 1740. Initially unsuccessful in business and as a tax collector, he found his calling in politics. He served as an official in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and participated in the Boston Town Meeting, becoming a prominent voice against British taxation. His 1768 "Massachusetts Circular Letter", opposing taxation without representation, led to the British military occupation of Boston and set the stage for revolutionary tensions.
Adams was a master organizer and communicator, often writing under pseudonyms in colonial newspapers to rally support for colonial rights. He helped establish the "Committees of Correspondence" in 1772, a network linking Patriots across the colonies. His persistent advocacy against British policies contributed to the 1773 "Boston Tea Party", a defining act of defiance that escalated tensions with Britain.
In 1774, when Parliament enacted the punitive "Coercive Acts", Adams attended the "First Continental Congress", which coordinated colonial resistance. He played a key role in guiding Congress toward adopting the "Continental Association" and later, the "Declaration of Independence" in 1776. Adams also contributed to drafting the "Articles of Confederation", the first governing document of the United States, and helped frame the "Massachusetts Constitution" in 1780.
After the Revolution, Adams continued his public service. He served in the Massachusetts State Senate and as Lieutenant Governor before being elected Governor in 1794, a position he held until 1797. Known for his belief in civic virtue and republican principles, Adams championed public education and opposed policies that he felt undermined the new republic.
Though interpretations of his legacy have varied—some portraying him as a radical agitator, others as a principled patriot—Adams’s commitment to American independence and self-governance remains undisputed. He died on October 2, 1803, in Boston and is remembered as a tireless advocate for liberty and justice.
Raised in a devout Puritan family, Adams graduated from Harvard College in 1740. Initially unsuccessful in business and as a tax collector, he found his calling in politics. He served as an official in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and participated in the Boston Town Meeting, becoming a prominent voice against British taxation. His 1768 "Massachusetts Circular Letter", opposing taxation without representation, led to the British military occupation of Boston and set the stage for revolutionary tensions.
Adams was a master organizer and communicator, often writing under pseudonyms in colonial newspapers to rally support for colonial rights. He helped establish the "Committees of Correspondence" in 1772, a network linking Patriots across the colonies. His persistent advocacy against British policies contributed to the 1773 "Boston Tea Party", a defining act of defiance that escalated tensions with Britain.
In 1774, when Parliament enacted the punitive "Coercive Acts", Adams attended the "First Continental Congress", which coordinated colonial resistance. He played a key role in guiding Congress toward adopting the "Continental Association" and later, the "Declaration of Independence" in 1776. Adams also contributed to drafting the "Articles of Confederation", the first governing document of the United States, and helped frame the "Massachusetts Constitution" in 1780.
After the Revolution, Adams continued his public service. He served in the Massachusetts State Senate and as Lieutenant Governor before being elected Governor in 1794, a position he held until 1797. Known for his belief in civic virtue and republican principles, Adams championed public education and opposed policies that he felt undermined the new republic.
Though interpretations of his legacy have varied—some portraying him as a radical agitator, others as a principled patriot—Adams’s commitment to American independence and self-governance remains undisputed. He died on October 2, 1803, in Boston and is remembered as a tireless advocate for liberty and justice.
Samuel Adams by John Singleton Copley
Samuel Adams 2007
John Banister
Dec 26, 1734 – Sep 23, 1788
Home:
Petersburg, VA
Education:
Law Apprenticeship
Profession:
Lawyer, Planter and Revolutionary Leader
Info:
John Banister, born on December 26, 1734, in Petersburg, Virginia, was an American lawyer, planter, slave owner, and Founding Father. He played a significant role during the American Revolution, contributing to the formation of the nation's first governing document, the Articles of Confederation. The son of John Banister and grandson of the renowned naturalist John Baptist Banister, he received his legal education at Middle Temple in London, gaining admission on September 27, 1753.
Banister’s political career began in Virginia's House of Burgesses, where he served from 1765 to 1769 and again from 1772 to 1775. He was also a member of the Virginia Conventions that shaped the state's path toward independence in 1776. Following the Declaration of Independence, Banister joined the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776 to 1778 and 1781 to 1784. His commitment to the revolutionary cause led to his election to the Second Continental Congress in 1778. There, he contributed to framing and signing the Articles of Confederation on July 8, 1778, which served as the United States' first constitution until 1789.
Banister's life was marked by his deep involvement in the governance of Virginia. In 1785, he became the first mayor of Petersburg. Known for his extensive knowledge of current affairs and skilled writing, he was respected by his contemporaries, including General George Washington, who held him in high esteem, as evidenced by correspondence from Valley Forge.
During the Revolutionary War, Banister served as a major and later as a lieutenant colonel of cavalry in the Virginia militia (1778–1781). He played a crucial role in supplying troops and defending Virginia from British incursions. His dedication to the cause came at great personal cost; British forces, led by General William Phillips, often occupied his estate, causing significant losses to his property.
Banister married three times. His first marriage to Elizabeth Munford in 1755 ended with her death in 1770. He then married Elizabeth “Patsy” Bland, daughter of Theodorick Bland, in 1770, who passed away in 1775. In 1779, he married Agan (Anna) Blair, the daughter of John Blair Sr. His family estate, Battersea, a Palladian-style villa built in 1768 in Petersburg, reflected his prominence and wealth. By 1782, records show he owned 46 adult slaves, 42 enslaved children, 28 horses, and 126 cattle.
Banister died on September 30, 1788, and was buried in the family plot at Hatcher’s Run, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. His legacy as a Founding Father, dedicated public servant, and contributor to the early governance of the United States remains significant in American history.
Banister’s political career began in Virginia's House of Burgesses, where he served from 1765 to 1769 and again from 1772 to 1775. He was also a member of the Virginia Conventions that shaped the state's path toward independence in 1776. Following the Declaration of Independence, Banister joined the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776 to 1778 and 1781 to 1784. His commitment to the revolutionary cause led to his election to the Second Continental Congress in 1778. There, he contributed to framing and signing the Articles of Confederation on July 8, 1778, which served as the United States' first constitution until 1789.
Banister's life was marked by his deep involvement in the governance of Virginia. In 1785, he became the first mayor of Petersburg. Known for his extensive knowledge of current affairs and skilled writing, he was respected by his contemporaries, including General George Washington, who held him in high esteem, as evidenced by correspondence from Valley Forge.
During the Revolutionary War, Banister served as a major and later as a lieutenant colonel of cavalry in the Virginia militia (1778–1781). He played a crucial role in supplying troops and defending Virginia from British incursions. His dedication to the cause came at great personal cost; British forces, led by General William Phillips, often occupied his estate, causing significant losses to his property.
Banister married three times. His first marriage to Elizabeth Munford in 1755 ended with her death in 1770. He then married Elizabeth “Patsy” Bland, daughter of Theodorick Bland, in 1770, who passed away in 1775. In 1779, he married Agan (Anna) Blair, the daughter of John Blair Sr. His family estate, Battersea, a Palladian-style villa built in 1768 in Petersburg, reflected his prominence and wealth. By 1782, records show he owned 46 adult slaves, 42 enslaved children, 28 horses, and 126 cattle.
Banister died on September 30, 1788, and was buried in the family plot at Hatcher’s Run, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. His legacy as a Founding Father, dedicated public servant, and contributor to the early governance of the United States remains significant in American history.
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John Banister
Josiah Bartlett
Nov 21, 1729 – May 19, 1795
Home:
Kingston, NH
Education:
Medical Apprenticeship
Profession:
Physician, Judge
Info:
Josiah Bartlett, born on December 2, 1729 (O.S. November 21), in Amesbury, Massachusetts, was a physician, statesman, and one of America’s Founding Fathers. He represented New Hampshire in the "Continental Congress" and was a signatory of both the "Declaration of Independence" and the "Articles of Confederation". Bartlett also served as the first Governor of New Hampshire and as Chief Justice of the state’s Superior Court of Judicature, the predecessor of the New Hampshire Supreme Court.
Bartlett's education began in Amesbury, where he studied Latin and Greek, likely under the guidance of his relative, Reverend John Webster. At age 16, he apprenticed under Dr. Nehemiah Ordway to study medicine. In 1750, Bartlett moved to Kingston, New Hampshire, where he established a medical practice that he maintained for over 40 years. He was an advocate for wellness, promoting fresh air, exercise, and a balanced diet. He effectively treated a throat distemper outbreak (diphtheria) using Peruvian bark (quinine) and challenged traditional medical practices by using cold liquids to manage fevers.
In 1754, Bartlett married his cousin, Mary Bartlett, with whom he had 12 children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. The Bartlett family farmed a 12-acre property in Kingston, cultivating crops and maintaining an orchard. His wife managed the farm during his frequent absences serving in public office.
Bartlett's political career began in 1765 when he was elected to the "New Hampshire Provincial Assembly". Aligned with the Patriot cause, he opposed British policies such as the "Stamp Act" and "Townshend Acts". His resistance to British authority led to conflicts with Governors Benning and John Wentworth. In retaliation, Loyalists burned his house in 1774. Undeterred, he joined the "Committee of Safety" and the "Committee of Correspondence", instrumental in coordinating revolutionary activities.
In 1775, Bartlett was elected as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress". He signed the "Declaration of Independence" on July 4, 1776, becoming the second signatory after John Hancock. Bartlett continued his service in Congress, participating in drafting the "Articles of Confederation", which he signed in 1778. He returned to New Hampshire to organize militia efforts and provide medical support during the "Battle of Bennington" in 1777.
Following the war, Bartlett served as Chief Justice of the "Court of Common Pleas" (1778–1782) and later as Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the "New Hampshire Superior Court". In 1788, he participated in New Hampshire's ratification of the "U.S. Constitution". Bartlett became the first Governor of New Hampshire in 1790, initially titled Chief Executive, a role he held until 1794. During his tenure, he focused on infrastructure development, debt repayment, and supporting agriculture and industry.
Bartlett retired in 1794 due to declining health and died on May 19, 1795, in Kingston, New Hampshire. He is buried alongside his wife in the Plains Cemetery. His legacy includes a bronze statue in Amesbury, Massachusetts, and various institutions named in his honor, such as Bartlett, New Hampshire, and the Josiah Bartlett Elementary School. Bartlett's contributions to medicine, governance, and American independence remain integral to the nation's history.
Bartlett's education began in Amesbury, where he studied Latin and Greek, likely under the guidance of his relative, Reverend John Webster. At age 16, he apprenticed under Dr. Nehemiah Ordway to study medicine. In 1750, Bartlett moved to Kingston, New Hampshire, where he established a medical practice that he maintained for over 40 years. He was an advocate for wellness, promoting fresh air, exercise, and a balanced diet. He effectively treated a throat distemper outbreak (diphtheria) using Peruvian bark (quinine) and challenged traditional medical practices by using cold liquids to manage fevers.
In 1754, Bartlett married his cousin, Mary Bartlett, with whom he had 12 children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. The Bartlett family farmed a 12-acre property in Kingston, cultivating crops and maintaining an orchard. His wife managed the farm during his frequent absences serving in public office.
Bartlett's political career began in 1765 when he was elected to the "New Hampshire Provincial Assembly". Aligned with the Patriot cause, he opposed British policies such as the "Stamp Act" and "Townshend Acts". His resistance to British authority led to conflicts with Governors Benning and John Wentworth. In retaliation, Loyalists burned his house in 1774. Undeterred, he joined the "Committee of Safety" and the "Committee of Correspondence", instrumental in coordinating revolutionary activities.
In 1775, Bartlett was elected as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress". He signed the "Declaration of Independence" on July 4, 1776, becoming the second signatory after John Hancock. Bartlett continued his service in Congress, participating in drafting the "Articles of Confederation", which he signed in 1778. He returned to New Hampshire to organize militia efforts and provide medical support during the "Battle of Bennington" in 1777.
Following the war, Bartlett served as Chief Justice of the "Court of Common Pleas" (1778–1782) and later as Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the "New Hampshire Superior Court". In 1788, he participated in New Hampshire's ratification of the "U.S. Constitution". Bartlett became the first Governor of New Hampshire in 1790, initially titled Chief Executive, a role he held until 1794. During his tenure, he focused on infrastructure development, debt repayment, and supporting agriculture and industry.
Bartlett retired in 1794 due to declining health and died on May 19, 1795, in Kingston, New Hampshire. He is buried alongside his wife in the Plains Cemetery. His legacy includes a bronze statue in Amesbury, Massachusetts, and various institutions named in his honor, such as Bartlett, New Hampshire, and the Josiah Bartlett Elementary School. Bartlett's contributions to medicine, governance, and American independence remain integral to the nation's history.
Josiah Bartlett
Josiah Bartlett 2023
Josiah Bartlett 2023
Josiah Bartlett 2023
Daniel Carroll
July 22, 1730 – May 7, 1796
Home:
Upper Marlboro, MD
Education:
Jesuit College of St. Omer, France
Profession:
Planter, Politician
Info:
Daniel Carroll, born in 1730 at Upper Marlboro, Md., hailed from a prominent Maryland family of Irish descent. His older brother was John Carroll, the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States, and he was distantly related to Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
After completing his education at St. Omer's in Flanders, Daniel married Eleanor Carroll and lived the life of a gentleman planter for the next two decades. He initially hesitated to support the War for Independence and remained out of the public eye during this period.
In 1781, Carroll entered politics, serving in the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1784. He played a crucial role in Maryland's decision to accede to the Articles of Confederation and began his tenure in the Maryland senate, which would span his lifetime. Additionally, he supported George Washington's efforts to promote the Patowmack Company, aiming to canalize the Potomac River to facilitate transportation between the East and the trans-Appalachian West.
Although Carroll arrived late to the Constitutional Convention, he attended regularly thereafter, contributing to debates and serving on the committee on postponed matters. Upon returning to Maryland, he campaigned for the ratification of the Constitution, although he did not participate in the State convention.
In 1789, Carroll was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he supported locating the National Capitol on the banks of the Potomac and endorsed Hamilton's program for the Federal assumption of State debts. Additionally, George Washington appointed him as one of three commissioners to survey and define the District of Columbia in 1791, where Carroll owned significant land.
Due to ill health, Carroll resigned from his post as commissioner in 1795. He passed away in 1796 at the age of 65 at his home near Rock Creek in Forest Glen, Md., and was laid to rest in St. John's Catholic Cemetery.
After completing his education at St. Omer's in Flanders, Daniel married Eleanor Carroll and lived the life of a gentleman planter for the next two decades. He initially hesitated to support the War for Independence and remained out of the public eye during this period.
In 1781, Carroll entered politics, serving in the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1784. He played a crucial role in Maryland's decision to accede to the Articles of Confederation and began his tenure in the Maryland senate, which would span his lifetime. Additionally, he supported George Washington's efforts to promote the Patowmack Company, aiming to canalize the Potomac River to facilitate transportation between the East and the trans-Appalachian West.
Although Carroll arrived late to the Constitutional Convention, he attended regularly thereafter, contributing to debates and serving on the committee on postponed matters. Upon returning to Maryland, he campaigned for the ratification of the Constitution, although he did not participate in the State convention.
In 1789, Carroll was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he supported locating the National Capitol on the banks of the Potomac and endorsed Hamilton's program for the Federal assumption of State debts. Additionally, George Washington appointed him as one of three commissioners to survey and define the District of Columbia in 1791, where Carroll owned significant land.
Due to ill health, Carroll resigned from his post as commissioner in 1795. He passed away in 1796 at the age of 65 at his home near Rock Creek in Forest Glen, Md., and was laid to rest in St. John's Catholic Cemetery.
Daniel Carroll by John Wollaston
Daniel Carroll 2024
St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church (Silver Spring, Maryland)
William Clingan
1721 – May 9, 1790
Home:
Chester County, PA
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Judge, Politician
Info:
William Clingan, born around 1721 in Chester County, Pennsylvania, was a lawyer, jurist, and a Founding Father of the United States. He represented Pennsylvania in the "Continental Congress" from 1777 to 1779 and was a signatory of the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778, the first constitution that bound the newly independent states.
Originally of Scottish descent, William Clingan and his brother immigrated to the American colonies from Scotland, where their family name was historically associated with the surname "MacClingan". Little is known about his early life or education, but his contributions to public service and governance are well documented.
Clingan began his legal and political career in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He served as "Justice of the Peace" from 1757 until 1786, a position that underscored his standing within the community. His leadership continued as President of the "Chester County Courts" from 1780 to 1786. During this time, he played a crucial role in the decision to relocate the county courthouse from the city of Chester to West Chester, a more central location within the county.
In 1777, during the height of the American Revolution, Clingan was elected as a delegate to the "Continental Congress". As a member of Congress, he participated in shaping the early governance of the United States and was instrumental in the creation and ratification of the "Articles of Confederation", signed in 1778. His work helped establish a cooperative framework among the thirteen states prior to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
In addition to his political duties, Clingan was an active member of the "Upper Octorara Presbyterian Church" in Parkesburg, Pennsylvania. His faith and community involvement were central to his life, and he held a prominent role within the church. He lived in a stone house in Wagontown, located at 101 Hatfield Road, which still stands today.
William Clingan was married to Catharine Clingan, who passed away in 1785. He died on May 9, 1790, and was interred alongside his wife in the "Upper Octorara Church Cemetery" in Chester County, Pennsylvania. His legacy is that of a dedicated public servant who contributed to the foundational governance of the United States during a pivotal period in American history.
Originally of Scottish descent, William Clingan and his brother immigrated to the American colonies from Scotland, where their family name was historically associated with the surname "MacClingan". Little is known about his early life or education, but his contributions to public service and governance are well documented.
Clingan began his legal and political career in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He served as "Justice of the Peace" from 1757 until 1786, a position that underscored his standing within the community. His leadership continued as President of the "Chester County Courts" from 1780 to 1786. During this time, he played a crucial role in the decision to relocate the county courthouse from the city of Chester to West Chester, a more central location within the county.
In 1777, during the height of the American Revolution, Clingan was elected as a delegate to the "Continental Congress". As a member of Congress, he participated in shaping the early governance of the United States and was instrumental in the creation and ratification of the "Articles of Confederation", signed in 1778. His work helped establish a cooperative framework among the thirteen states prior to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
In addition to his political duties, Clingan was an active member of the "Upper Octorara Presbyterian Church" in Parkesburg, Pennsylvania. His faith and community involvement were central to his life, and he held a prominent role within the church. He lived in a stone house in Wagontown, located at 101 Hatfield Road, which still stands today.
William Clingan was married to Catharine Clingan, who passed away in 1785. He died on May 9, 1790, and was interred alongside his wife in the "Upper Octorara Church Cemetery" in Chester County, Pennsylvania. His legacy is that of a dedicated public servant who contributed to the foundational governance of the United States during a pivotal period in American history.
William Clingan
John Collins
June 8, 1717 – Mar 4, 1795
Home:
Newport, RI
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Lawyer, Continental Congressman, and Governor of Rhode Island
Info:
John Collins, born on June 8, 1717, in Newport, Rhode Island, was a lawyer, politician, and Founding Father of the United States. A steadfast supporter of American independence, he played a crucial role during the American Revolution and the formative years of the nation. Collins represented Rhode Island in the Continental Congress and signed the Articles of Confederation. He later served as the third Governor of Rhode Island from 1786 to 1790.
As a dedicated patriot, Collins actively supported the colonies’ right to self-governance. In 1776, during the early stages of the Revolution, he was part of a committee appointed by the Rhode Island General Assembly to deliver a letter to General George Washington, informing him of the colony’s condition and seeking advice on its defense strategy. This mission underscored Collins's deep commitment to the colonial cause.
Collins was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1778, serving until 1780 and again from 1782 to 1783. During his tenure, he was a vocal advocate for the Articles of Confederation, which he signed in 1778. He also presented Rhode Island's objections to the proposed Impost Act, reflecting the state’s resistance to centralized economic control due to its agricultural interests and preference for state sovereignty.
In 1786, Collins was elected Governor of Rhode Island. His term was marked by significant economic and political challenges, particularly the contentious issue of paper currency. At a time when many Rhode Islanders supported the issuance of paper money to ease financial hardships, Collins championed their cause. His administration oversaw the passage of laws allowing debtors to settle debts using state-issued bills. This policy led to the landmark legal case Trevett v. Weeden, which contributed to the development of judicial review by suggesting that courts could declare laws unconstitutional.
Rhode Island was initially reluctant to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and by the time of George Washington’s presidential inauguration in 1789, it was one of two states (alongside North Carolina) that had yet to join the Union. Despite strong Anti-Federalist opposition, Collins recognized the necessity of joining the Federal Union. On January 17, 1790, he cast the decisive vote in the Rhode Island General Assembly to convene a state convention on ratification. This vote, while critical to Rhode Island’s eventual acceptance of the Constitution on May 29, 1790, cost Collins his popularity and his governorship.
After leaving office on May 5, 1790, Collins retired from public life and returned to his farm, Brenton Neck, near Brenton Point in Newport. He declined to take a seat in the 1st U.S. Congress despite being elected. Collins passed away on March 4, 1795, and was buried on his farm. He was survived by his wife, Mary Avery Collins, and their children, including his daughter Abigail, who married John Warren. His legacy is honored by the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution, which commemorates Rhode Island Independence Day at his gravesite each year.
John Collins’s dedication to independence, state sovereignty, and the new nation remains a testament to his pivotal role in American history.
As a dedicated patriot, Collins actively supported the colonies’ right to self-governance. In 1776, during the early stages of the Revolution, he was part of a committee appointed by the Rhode Island General Assembly to deliver a letter to General George Washington, informing him of the colony’s condition and seeking advice on its defense strategy. This mission underscored Collins's deep commitment to the colonial cause.
Collins was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1778, serving until 1780 and again from 1782 to 1783. During his tenure, he was a vocal advocate for the Articles of Confederation, which he signed in 1778. He also presented Rhode Island's objections to the proposed Impost Act, reflecting the state’s resistance to centralized economic control due to its agricultural interests and preference for state sovereignty.
In 1786, Collins was elected Governor of Rhode Island. His term was marked by significant economic and political challenges, particularly the contentious issue of paper currency. At a time when many Rhode Islanders supported the issuance of paper money to ease financial hardships, Collins championed their cause. His administration oversaw the passage of laws allowing debtors to settle debts using state-issued bills. This policy led to the landmark legal case Trevett v. Weeden, which contributed to the development of judicial review by suggesting that courts could declare laws unconstitutional.
Rhode Island was initially reluctant to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and by the time of George Washington’s presidential inauguration in 1789, it was one of two states (alongside North Carolina) that had yet to join the Union. Despite strong Anti-Federalist opposition, Collins recognized the necessity of joining the Federal Union. On January 17, 1790, he cast the decisive vote in the Rhode Island General Assembly to convene a state convention on ratification. This vote, while critical to Rhode Island’s eventual acceptance of the Constitution on May 29, 1790, cost Collins his popularity and his governorship.
After leaving office on May 5, 1790, Collins retired from public life and returned to his farm, Brenton Neck, near Brenton Point in Newport. He declined to take a seat in the 1st U.S. Congress despite being elected. Collins passed away on March 4, 1795, and was buried on his farm. He was survived by his wife, Mary Avery Collins, and their children, including his daughter Abigail, who married John Warren. His legacy is honored by the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution, which commemorates Rhode Island Independence Day at his gravesite each year.
John Collins’s dedication to independence, state sovereignty, and the new nation remains a testament to his pivotal role in American history.
John Collins
Francis Dana
June 13, 1743 – Apr 25, 1811
Home:
Cambridge, MA
Education:
Harvard College
Profession:
Lawyer, Jurist and Diplomat
Info:
Francis Dana, born on June 13, 1743, in Charlestown, Massachusetts, was a prominent lawyer, jurist, diplomat, and Founding Father of the United States. A dedicated patriot, Dana played significant roles in the "Continental Congress", diplomatic negotiations, and the early judiciary of Massachusetts.
The son of lawyer Richard Dana, Francis was educated at "Harvard College", graduating in 1762. He studied law and built a successful legal practice in Boston. His opposition to British colonial policies led him to become a leader in the "Sons of Liberty", and in 1774, he was elected to the "Massachusetts Provincial Congress". In 1775, the "Continental Congress" sent him to England in an attempt to reconcile colonial grievances, but he returned convinced that resolution was impossible, and the colonies needed independence.
In 1777, Dana was elected as a delegate to the "Continental Congress", where he signed the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778. That same year, he chaired the committee that visited "George Washington" at "Valley Forge", helping to reorganize the "Continental Army". He also served on a committee that opposed British Prime Minister "Lord North’s" conciliation offers.
Dana's diplomatic skills took him to Paris in 1779 as secretary to "John Adams" during crucial negotiations. In 1780, he was appointed the American Minister to Russia, representing the United States in "Saint Petersburg" during the American Revolution. Though he was never formally recognized by "Catherine the Great", he remained in Russia until 1783, gathering diplomatic intelligence and promoting the American cause. Upon returning to the United States, Dana rejoined the "Continental Congress" in 1784.
In 1785, Dana was appointed to the "Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts", serving as Chief Justice from 1791 until 1806. He played a significant role in advocating for the adoption of the "U.S. Constitution" and was a key member of the 1788 Massachusetts convention that ratified it. Politically, he was associated with the "Federalist Party" and the influential "Essex Junto".
Dana’s contributions extended beyond politics and law. In 1792, he invested in the construction of the "West Boston Bridge" (now the site of the "Longfellow Bridge"), improving transportation between Cambridge and Boston. He was a charter member of the "American Academy of Arts and Sciences" and actively supported Harvard University’s development.
Francis Dana married Elizabeth Ellery, the daughter of "William Ellery", a fellow signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had several children, including "Richard Henry Dana Sr.", a poet and literary critic. His grandson, "Richard Henry Dana Jr.", became a notable lawyer and author, known for writing "Two Years Before the Mast" (1840).
Dana retired from public life in 1806 and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 25, 1811. He is buried in Cambridge’s "Old Burying Ground". His legacy endures through the town of "Dana, Massachusetts", named in his honor, and several streets in Cambridge, which commemorate him and his family. Francis Dana’s career as a lawyer, diplomat, and judge reflects his dedication to the founding and development of the United States.
The son of lawyer Richard Dana, Francis was educated at "Harvard College", graduating in 1762. He studied law and built a successful legal practice in Boston. His opposition to British colonial policies led him to become a leader in the "Sons of Liberty", and in 1774, he was elected to the "Massachusetts Provincial Congress". In 1775, the "Continental Congress" sent him to England in an attempt to reconcile colonial grievances, but he returned convinced that resolution was impossible, and the colonies needed independence.
In 1777, Dana was elected as a delegate to the "Continental Congress", where he signed the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778. That same year, he chaired the committee that visited "George Washington" at "Valley Forge", helping to reorganize the "Continental Army". He also served on a committee that opposed British Prime Minister "Lord North’s" conciliation offers.
Dana's diplomatic skills took him to Paris in 1779 as secretary to "John Adams" during crucial negotiations. In 1780, he was appointed the American Minister to Russia, representing the United States in "Saint Petersburg" during the American Revolution. Though he was never formally recognized by "Catherine the Great", he remained in Russia until 1783, gathering diplomatic intelligence and promoting the American cause. Upon returning to the United States, Dana rejoined the "Continental Congress" in 1784.
In 1785, Dana was appointed to the "Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts", serving as Chief Justice from 1791 until 1806. He played a significant role in advocating for the adoption of the "U.S. Constitution" and was a key member of the 1788 Massachusetts convention that ratified it. Politically, he was associated with the "Federalist Party" and the influential "Essex Junto".
Dana’s contributions extended beyond politics and law. In 1792, he invested in the construction of the "West Boston Bridge" (now the site of the "Longfellow Bridge"), improving transportation between Cambridge and Boston. He was a charter member of the "American Academy of Arts and Sciences" and actively supported Harvard University’s development.
Francis Dana married Elizabeth Ellery, the daughter of "William Ellery", a fellow signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had several children, including "Richard Henry Dana Sr.", a poet and literary critic. His grandson, "Richard Henry Dana Jr.", became a notable lawyer and author, known for writing "Two Years Before the Mast" (1840).
Dana retired from public life in 1806 and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 25, 1811. He is buried in Cambridge’s "Old Burying Ground". His legacy endures through the town of "Dana, Massachusetts", named in his honor, and several streets in Cambridge, which commemorate him and his family. Francis Dana’s career as a lawyer, diplomat, and judge reflects his dedication to the founding and development of the United States.
Francis Dana
John Dickinson
Nov 8, 1732 – Feb 14, 1808
Home:
Wilmington, DE
Education:
Middle Temple, London
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
John Dickinson, known as the "Penman of the Revolution," was born in 1732 at Crosiadore estate in Maryland. He moved to Delaware with his family in 1740 and later pursued legal studies in Philadelphia and London. Returning to Philadelphia in 1757, he became a prominent lawyer and married Mary Norris in 1770.
Dickinson’s political career began with his election to the Delaware assembly in 1760 and later the Pennsylvania assembly. Despite losing his seat in 1764 due to political conflicts, he emerged as a key figure in the American Revolutionary movement, particularly through his writings against the Stamp Act in 1765 and subsequent publications advocating colonial rights.
His efforts included drafting resolutions for the Stamp Act Congress and penning the influential "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." Despite his opposition to immediate violent resistance, Dickinson's political and military involvements deepened as relations with Britain deteriorated, leading him to the First Continental Congress and various local defense committees in Philadelphia.
Although Dickinson opposed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, his contributions continued as he helped draft the Articles of Confederation and participated in military service. Later, he served as president of both Delaware and Pennsylvania, attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and supported the U.S. Constitution's ratification. Dickinson spent his final years writing and died in 1808 in Wilmington, Delaware.
Dickinson’s political career began with his election to the Delaware assembly in 1760 and later the Pennsylvania assembly. Despite losing his seat in 1764 due to political conflicts, he emerged as a key figure in the American Revolutionary movement, particularly through his writings against the Stamp Act in 1765 and subsequent publications advocating colonial rights.
His efforts included drafting resolutions for the Stamp Act Congress and penning the influential "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." Despite his opposition to immediate violent resistance, Dickinson's political and military involvements deepened as relations with Britain deteriorated, leading him to the First Continental Congress and various local defense committees in Philadelphia.
Although Dickinson opposed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, his contributions continued as he helped draft the Articles of Confederation and participated in military service. Later, he served as president of both Delaware and Pennsylvania, attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and supported the U.S. Constitution's ratification. Dickinson spent his final years writing and died in 1808 in Wilmington, Delaware.
John Dickinson
John Dickinson Placque at Wilmington Friends Meeting House
Wilmington Friends Meeting House 2024
John Dickinson 2024
Wilmington Friends Meeting House 2024
William Henry Drayton
1742 – Sep 3, 1779
Home:
"Drayton Hall" Charleston, SC
Education:
Middle Temple, London
Profession:
Lawyer, Judge and Planter
Info:
William Henry Drayton, born in September 1742 at "Drayton Hall" near Charleston, South Carolina, was an American Founding Father, lawyer, and revolutionary leader. Known for his pivotal role in supporting the Patriot cause, he served as a delegate to the "Continental Congress" in 1778–79 and signed the "Articles of Confederation".
Drayton was the son of John Drayton, a wealthy planter, and Charlotta Bull Drayton, daughter of Governor William Bull. His childhood home, Drayton Hall, a prominent rice plantation, remained his residence throughout his life. In 1750, Drayton was sent to England for his education. He attended "Westminster School", where he met fellow South Carolinian "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney", and later studied at "Balliol College, Oxford". After returning to South Carolina in 1764, he read law and was admitted to the bar.
In 1764, Drayton married "Dorothy Golightly", and they had a son, John Drayton, who later became a governor of South Carolina. He was also a cousin of U.S. Representative William Drayton.
Initially, Drayton was a conservative loyalist who opposed the growing colonial resistance. Following the "Stamp Act Congress", he published letters criticizing American opposition to British policies. His writings earned him a position on the "Colonial Council" in 1772, and in 1774, Governor William Bull appointed him to South Carolina’s colonial court.
However, Drayton’s views shifted dramatically as tensions escalated. Later in 1774, he authored the influential pamphlet, "The American Claim of Rights", which supported the call for a Continental Congress. This change of heart led to his dismissal from colonial government positions, solidifying his allegiance to the Patriot cause.
In 1775, Drayton joined South Carolina's "Committee of Safety" and participated in the provisional Congress, the revolutionary government of the colony. Alongside "Arthur Middleton", he co-designed the "Great Seal of South Carolina" in 1776. That same year, under an interim state constitution, he was appointed Chief Justice of the "South Carolina Supreme Court". Drayton also championed a proposed union between South Carolina and Georgia, advocating fervently for the cause until Georgia’s Governor John Treutlen issued a warrant for his arrest in 1777.
In 1778, South Carolina sent Drayton as a delegate to the "Continental Congress". A staunch supporter of the Continental military, he advocated aggressive measures against Native American tribes allied with the British, infamously calling for their lands to be seized and their communities destroyed.
Tragically, Drayton's life was cut short by typhus while he was serving in Congress in "Philadelphia". He died on September 3, 1779, at the age of 37. His legacy lives on through "Drayton Hall", which now serves as a historic site and museum in Charleston.
William Henry Drayton’s transformation from a British loyalist to an ardent revolutionary illustrates his commitment to American independence. His contributions as a jurist, delegate, and writer played a crucial role in shaping South Carolina's early government and supporting the broader revolutionary effort.
Drayton was the son of John Drayton, a wealthy planter, and Charlotta Bull Drayton, daughter of Governor William Bull. His childhood home, Drayton Hall, a prominent rice plantation, remained his residence throughout his life. In 1750, Drayton was sent to England for his education. He attended "Westminster School", where he met fellow South Carolinian "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney", and later studied at "Balliol College, Oxford". After returning to South Carolina in 1764, he read law and was admitted to the bar.
In 1764, Drayton married "Dorothy Golightly", and they had a son, John Drayton, who later became a governor of South Carolina. He was also a cousin of U.S. Representative William Drayton.
Initially, Drayton was a conservative loyalist who opposed the growing colonial resistance. Following the "Stamp Act Congress", he published letters criticizing American opposition to British policies. His writings earned him a position on the "Colonial Council" in 1772, and in 1774, Governor William Bull appointed him to South Carolina’s colonial court.
However, Drayton’s views shifted dramatically as tensions escalated. Later in 1774, he authored the influential pamphlet, "The American Claim of Rights", which supported the call for a Continental Congress. This change of heart led to his dismissal from colonial government positions, solidifying his allegiance to the Patriot cause.
In 1775, Drayton joined South Carolina's "Committee of Safety" and participated in the provisional Congress, the revolutionary government of the colony. Alongside "Arthur Middleton", he co-designed the "Great Seal of South Carolina" in 1776. That same year, under an interim state constitution, he was appointed Chief Justice of the "South Carolina Supreme Court". Drayton also championed a proposed union between South Carolina and Georgia, advocating fervently for the cause until Georgia’s Governor John Treutlen issued a warrant for his arrest in 1777.
In 1778, South Carolina sent Drayton as a delegate to the "Continental Congress". A staunch supporter of the Continental military, he advocated aggressive measures against Native American tribes allied with the British, infamously calling for their lands to be seized and their communities destroyed.
Tragically, Drayton's life was cut short by typhus while he was serving in Congress in "Philadelphia". He died on September 3, 1779, at the age of 37. His legacy lives on through "Drayton Hall", which now serves as a historic site and museum in Charleston.
William Henry Drayton’s transformation from a British loyalist to an ardent revolutionary illustrates his commitment to American independence. His contributions as a jurist, delegate, and writer played a crucial role in shaping South Carolina's early government and supporting the broader revolutionary effort.
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James Duane
Feb 6, 1733 – Feb 1, 1797
Home:
New York, NY
Education:
Law Apprenticeship
Profession:
Lawyer, Judge, Jurist, and Revolutionary Leader
Info:
James Duane, born on February 6, 1733, in New York City, was an attorney, jurist, and prominent figure in the American Revolution. A Founding Father, Duane served as a delegate to the "Continental Congress", a signer of the "Articles of Confederation", and the first post-colonial "Mayor of New York City". He later became a federal judge under President George Washington.
Duane was the son of Anthony Duane, a prosperous Irish Protestant immigrant, and Althea Ketaltas, the daughter of a Dutch merchant. Raised in privilege, Duane became the ward of Robert Livingston, 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, after his father’s death in 1747. Educated under Livingston’s guardianship, Duane read law with prominent attorney James Alexander and was admitted to the bar in 1754, quickly establishing a successful practice in New York City.
A moderate conservative, Duane initially resisted calls for colonial independence, favoring reconciliation with Britain. He represented New York at the "First Continental Congress" in 1774, where he supported the "Galloway Plan of Union", a failed proposal for resolving colonial grievances. However, as tensions escalated, he shifted to support the Patriot cause, serving as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" from 1775 to 1781. Duane signed the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778, helping establish the nation’s first framework of government.
During the Revolutionary War, Duane actively supported the American cause. He served on New York’s "Provincial Congress" and was instrumental in drafting the state’s first constitution. Forced to relocate his family to the safety of Livingston Manor during the British occupation of New York City, Duane continued to serve the fledgling nation, representing New York in the "Congress of the Confederation" from 1781 to 1783.
After the war, Duane returned to New York, where he became the city’s first post-revolution mayor, serving from 1784 to 1789. As mayor, he worked to rebuild the city from the devastation of British occupation. Notably, he presided over the "Rutgers v. Waddington" case, issuing a balanced ruling that became an early precedent for judicial review.
In 1789, President George Washington appointed Duane as the first federal judge for the "United States District Court for the District of New York". He served until 1794, when he retired due to ill health. Beyond his judicial work, Duane was active in civic and philanthropic efforts. He was a trustee of Trinity Church, a vestryman, and a founder of the "New York Manumission Society", which advocated for the abolition of slavery.
Duane married Mary Livingston, daughter of Robert Livingston, and they had six children, securing his place within one of New York’s most influential families. His descendants include notable figures in law, literature, and public service.
James Duane passed away on February 1, 1797, at his estate in Duanesburg, New York, which he had developed from a substantial land grant. His legacy is commemorated in places such as Duane Street in Manhattan, Duanesburg, and various awards recognizing excellence in law. A steadfast patriot and skilled jurist, Duane’s contributions were instrumental in shaping early American governance.
Duane was the son of Anthony Duane, a prosperous Irish Protestant immigrant, and Althea Ketaltas, the daughter of a Dutch merchant. Raised in privilege, Duane became the ward of Robert Livingston, 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, after his father’s death in 1747. Educated under Livingston’s guardianship, Duane read law with prominent attorney James Alexander and was admitted to the bar in 1754, quickly establishing a successful practice in New York City.
A moderate conservative, Duane initially resisted calls for colonial independence, favoring reconciliation with Britain. He represented New York at the "First Continental Congress" in 1774, where he supported the "Galloway Plan of Union", a failed proposal for resolving colonial grievances. However, as tensions escalated, he shifted to support the Patriot cause, serving as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" from 1775 to 1781. Duane signed the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778, helping establish the nation’s first framework of government.
During the Revolutionary War, Duane actively supported the American cause. He served on New York’s "Provincial Congress" and was instrumental in drafting the state’s first constitution. Forced to relocate his family to the safety of Livingston Manor during the British occupation of New York City, Duane continued to serve the fledgling nation, representing New York in the "Congress of the Confederation" from 1781 to 1783.
After the war, Duane returned to New York, where he became the city’s first post-revolution mayor, serving from 1784 to 1789. As mayor, he worked to rebuild the city from the devastation of British occupation. Notably, he presided over the "Rutgers v. Waddington" case, issuing a balanced ruling that became an early precedent for judicial review.
In 1789, President George Washington appointed Duane as the first federal judge for the "United States District Court for the District of New York". He served until 1794, when he retired due to ill health. Beyond his judicial work, Duane was active in civic and philanthropic efforts. He was a trustee of Trinity Church, a vestryman, and a founder of the "New York Manumission Society", which advocated for the abolition of slavery.
Duane married Mary Livingston, daughter of Robert Livingston, and they had six children, securing his place within one of New York’s most influential families. His descendants include notable figures in law, literature, and public service.
James Duane passed away on February 1, 1797, at his estate in Duanesburg, New York, which he had developed from a substantial land grant. His legacy is commemorated in places such as Duane Street in Manhattan, Duanesburg, and various awards recognizing excellence in law. A steadfast patriot and skilled jurist, Duane’s contributions were instrumental in shaping early American governance.
James Duane by John Trumbull
William Duer
Mar 18, 1747 – May 7, 1799
Home:
New York, NY
Education:
Eton College, England
Profession:
Businessman, Politician
Info:
William Duer, born on March 18, 1743, in Devonshire, England, was a British-born American jurist, developer, and financial speculator who played a significant role in the American Revolution and the early financial history of the United States. A member of the "Continental Congress" and a signatory of the "Articles of Confederation", Duer was a prominent "Federalist" and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Duer was the son of John Duer, a planter in Antigua, and Frances Frye. He was educated at "Eton College" and briefly served as an ensign in the British Army, accompanying "Lord Clive" to India. After inheriting his father’s estates in "Dominica", Duer traveled to New York in 1768 to establish a lumber trade. Persuaded by "Philip Schuyler", he settled in New York in the early 1770s, acquiring land along the "Hudson River" near Albany, where he set up sawmills and warehouses.
Initially a moderate Whig, Duer's political engagement deepened with the onset of the "American Revolution". In 1775, he joined the "New York Provincial Congress" and participated in drafting the "New York Constitution" in 1776. He served as a state senator and was elected to the "Continental Congress" in 1778, impressing figures like "John Adams" and "Robert Morris" with his financial acumen. Duer played a key role in securing supplies for the Continental Army during the war.
After the Revolution, Duer returned to private business and speculative ventures. He partnered with "John Holker", the French commercial agent, and profited from supplying the American military. His connections helped him secure a position as the first "Assistant Secretary of the Treasury" under "Alexander Hamilton" in 1789. Duer actively speculated in government bonds and land, including the failed "Scioto Company" scheme, which sought to profit from discounted American debt owed to France.
In 1792, Duer's aggressive financial speculation contributed to the "Panic of 1792", one of America’s first financial crises. He went bankrupt, defaulting on massive debts estimated at $3 million, which devastated many investors. Imprisoned in debtors' prison, he spent the remaining years of his life confined, ultimately dying on May 7, 1799, at the age of 57.
Duer married "Lady Catherine Alexander" in 1779, the daughter of "Major General Lord Stirling" and a member of the influential "Livingston" and "Schuyler" families. Together, they had eight children, including "William Alexander Duer", who became a "New York Supreme Court Justice" and "President of Columbia College", and "John Duer", a prominent lawyer and jurist.
Though his career ended in financial ruin, William Duer’s contributions to the formation of the United States, including his advocacy for the "U.S. Constitution" and his service in the Continental Congress, cement his place as a key figure in early American history. His speculative missteps serve as a cautionary tale in the annals of American finance, highlighting the volatility of the nation’s early economic systems.
Duer was the son of John Duer, a planter in Antigua, and Frances Frye. He was educated at "Eton College" and briefly served as an ensign in the British Army, accompanying "Lord Clive" to India. After inheriting his father’s estates in "Dominica", Duer traveled to New York in 1768 to establish a lumber trade. Persuaded by "Philip Schuyler", he settled in New York in the early 1770s, acquiring land along the "Hudson River" near Albany, where he set up sawmills and warehouses.
Initially a moderate Whig, Duer's political engagement deepened with the onset of the "American Revolution". In 1775, he joined the "New York Provincial Congress" and participated in drafting the "New York Constitution" in 1776. He served as a state senator and was elected to the "Continental Congress" in 1778, impressing figures like "John Adams" and "Robert Morris" with his financial acumen. Duer played a key role in securing supplies for the Continental Army during the war.
After the Revolution, Duer returned to private business and speculative ventures. He partnered with "John Holker", the French commercial agent, and profited from supplying the American military. His connections helped him secure a position as the first "Assistant Secretary of the Treasury" under "Alexander Hamilton" in 1789. Duer actively speculated in government bonds and land, including the failed "Scioto Company" scheme, which sought to profit from discounted American debt owed to France.
In 1792, Duer's aggressive financial speculation contributed to the "Panic of 1792", one of America’s first financial crises. He went bankrupt, defaulting on massive debts estimated at $3 million, which devastated many investors. Imprisoned in debtors' prison, he spent the remaining years of his life confined, ultimately dying on May 7, 1799, at the age of 57.
Duer married "Lady Catherine Alexander" in 1779, the daughter of "Major General Lord Stirling" and a member of the influential "Livingston" and "Schuyler" families. Together, they had eight children, including "William Alexander Duer", who became a "New York Supreme Court Justice" and "President of Columbia College", and "John Duer", a prominent lawyer and jurist.
Though his career ended in financial ruin, William Duer’s contributions to the formation of the United States, including his advocacy for the "U.S. Constitution" and his service in the Continental Congress, cement his place as a key figure in early American history. His speculative missteps serve as a cautionary tale in the annals of American finance, highlighting the volatility of the nation’s early economic systems.
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William Duer
William Ellery
Dec 22, 1727 – Feb 15, 1820
Home:
Newport, RI
Education:
Harvard College
Profession:
Lawyer, Merchant
Info:
William Ellery, born in 1727 in Newport, Rhode Island, evolved from multiple careers to a prominent political figure by his mid-life. After attending Harvard, he dabbled in various professions before settling into law by 1770. His active participation in local patriotic efforts led to his election to the Continental Congress by 1776.
In Congress, Ellery contributed to naval and commercial matters and entertained peers with his wit. Despite personal losses during the British occupation of Newport, which destroyed his property, he refused a judicial position to stay in Congress, leveraging his seniority and influence.
Later, Ellery served as the commissioner of the Continental Loan Office and customs collector for Newport under President Washington. His adept management in these roles, despite earlier financial setbacks, underscored his lasting commitment to public service. Ellery remained active in scholarly and public affairs until his death in 1820 at the age of 92.
In Congress, Ellery contributed to naval and commercial matters and entertained peers with his wit. Despite personal losses during the British occupation of Newport, which destroyed his property, he refused a judicial position to stay in Congress, leveraging his seniority and influence.
Later, Ellery served as the commissioner of the Continental Loan Office and customs collector for Newport under President Washington. His adept management in these roles, despite earlier financial setbacks, underscored his lasting commitment to public service. Ellery remained active in scholarly and public affairs until his death in 1820 at the age of 92.
William Ellery by Henry Bryan Hall
William Ellery 2023
William Ellery 2023
William Ellery 2023
Elbridge Gerry
July 17, 1744 – Nov 23, 1814
Home:
Marblehead, MA
Education:
Harvard College
Profession:
Merchant, Politician
Info:
Elbridge Gerry, born in 1744 in Marblehead, Massachusetts, began his career by joining his family's merchant business after graduating from Harvard. He ventured into politics in 1772, influenced by figures like Samuel Adams, and actively contributed to the revolutionary cause, especially in logistical and financial capacities within the Continental Congress.
During the Revolutionary War, Gerry signed the Declaration of Independence and worked on military and financial committees, demonstrating a complex stance on various issues. Despite controversies, including accusations of profiteering, he continued to influence American politics, serving in the Continental Congress and the Massachusetts State legislature.
Later, Gerry was involved in the Constitutional Convention, opposing the initial draft for lacking a bill of rights. He shifted political alliances over time, serving under different banners and contributing to the development of political practices, notably "gerrymandering." He ended his career as the Vice President under James Madison, passing away in 1814.
During the Revolutionary War, Gerry signed the Declaration of Independence and worked on military and financial committees, demonstrating a complex stance on various issues. Despite controversies, including accusations of profiteering, he continued to influence American politics, serving in the Continental Congress and the Massachusetts State legislature.
Later, Gerry was involved in the Constitutional Convention, opposing the initial draft for lacking a bill of rights. He shifted political alliances over time, serving under different banners and contributing to the development of political practices, notably "gerrymandering." He ended his career as the Vice President under James Madison, passing away in 1814.
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Elbridge Gerry
Elbridge Gerry 2019
Elbridge Gerry 2019
Elbridge Gerry 2019
Elbridge Gerry 2019
John Hancock
Jan 23, 1737 – Oct 8, 1793
Home:
Boston, MA
Education:
Harvard College
Profession:
Elected to the Boston Assembly, Delegate to, and President of, the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, Elected to Continental Congress, Elected President of the Continental Congress, Member of Massachusetts state Constitutional Convention, elected Governor of Massachusetts
Info:
John Hancock, a key figure in American independence, rose from a prosperous merchant background in Boston to become the iconic President of the Continental Congress during the pivotal period of the Declaration of Independence. He was famous for his bold signature on the Declaration, symbolizing his defiance against British authority.
Hancock's political career extended beyond the Congress; he served as the Governor of Massachusetts, where he was known for his lavish public spending to gain support. Despite some professional criticisms for his regal lifestyle and vanity, his popularity among constituents remained strong.
He passed away in 1793, leaving a legacy marked by significant political influence and a dedication to the American cause. His funeral was one of the grandest in New England, reflecting his status in American history.
Hancock's political career extended beyond the Congress; he served as the Governor of Massachusetts, where he was known for his lavish public spending to gain support. Despite some professional criticisms for his regal lifestyle and vanity, his popularity among constituents remained strong.
He passed away in 1793, leaving a legacy marked by significant political influence and a dedication to the American cause. His funeral was one of the grandest in New England, reflecting his status in American history.
John Hancock by John Singleton Copley
John Hancock 2007
John Hanson
Apr 13, 1715 – Nov 22, 1783
Home:
Charles County, MD
Education:
Self-educated
Profession:
Planter, Politician
Info:
John Hanson was a prominent figure in early American history, particularly known for his contributions during the Revolutionary War and his role in the early governance of the United States. Born on April 3, 1715, at Mulberry Grove, near Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland, Hanson came from a well-established colonial family. His early education was thorough, reflecting the academic course typical of the era's gentry.
Hanson's career was deeply rooted in public service. He engaged in agricultural pursuits but quickly became involved in politics, serving nine terms in the Maryland State House of Delegates. His long tenure in the state legislature demonstrated his commitment to his community and his growing influence in Maryland's political sphere. From 1757 to 1773, Hanson also served as a member of the Maryland State Senate, where he continued to build his reputation as a capable and dedicated public servant.
In 1773, Hanson relocated to Frederick County, Maryland, a move that marked a new chapter in his political career. His leadership skills were quickly recognized, and in 1774, he was elected as a delegate to the General Congress at Annapolis. With the revolutionary spirit gaining momentum, Hanson became an active participant in the movement for American independence. In 1775, he was appointed treasurer of Frederick County and served as a member of the Maryland Convention, a revolutionary body that assumed the role of government as tensions with Britain escalated.
Hanson's role on the national stage became more prominent when he was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782. His most significant contribution came on November 5, 1781, when he was elected President of the Continental Congress. While the position was largely ceremonial, Hanson's role was critical in presiding over the Congress during a pivotal time in American history. His leadership coincided with the end of the Revolutionary War and the early implementation of the Articles of Confederation, which served as the first constitution of the United States.
Hanson is sometimes remembered for being the first person to serve a one-year term as President of Congress under the Articles of Confederation, a role that some mistakenly equate with the modern office of the President of the United States. While this office bore little resemblance to the executive role later held by George Washington, Hanson's presidency was nonetheless significant. He was a signatory of the Articles of Confederation, solidifying his role in the foundation of the United States government.
After his term as President of the Continental Congress, Hanson continued to be involved in public affairs until his death. He passed away on November 22, 1783, at the residence of his nephew at Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland. Hanson's contributions to the early United States, especially his role in the Continental Congress, have earned him a lasting place in American history. His legacy also lived on through his family, as his grandson, Alexander Contee Hanson, continued the tradition of public service as a prominent political figure in Maryland.
We were unable to locate his headstone at Saint Johns Episcopal Church in Fort Washington, MD. It's also rumored that he was buried at his home, Oxon Hill Manor, in Prince George's County.
Hanson's career was deeply rooted in public service. He engaged in agricultural pursuits but quickly became involved in politics, serving nine terms in the Maryland State House of Delegates. His long tenure in the state legislature demonstrated his commitment to his community and his growing influence in Maryland's political sphere. From 1757 to 1773, Hanson also served as a member of the Maryland State Senate, where he continued to build his reputation as a capable and dedicated public servant.
In 1773, Hanson relocated to Frederick County, Maryland, a move that marked a new chapter in his political career. His leadership skills were quickly recognized, and in 1774, he was elected as a delegate to the General Congress at Annapolis. With the revolutionary spirit gaining momentum, Hanson became an active participant in the movement for American independence. In 1775, he was appointed treasurer of Frederick County and served as a member of the Maryland Convention, a revolutionary body that assumed the role of government as tensions with Britain escalated.
Hanson's role on the national stage became more prominent when he was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782. His most significant contribution came on November 5, 1781, when he was elected President of the Continental Congress. While the position was largely ceremonial, Hanson's role was critical in presiding over the Congress during a pivotal time in American history. His leadership coincided with the end of the Revolutionary War and the early implementation of the Articles of Confederation, which served as the first constitution of the United States.
Hanson is sometimes remembered for being the first person to serve a one-year term as President of Congress under the Articles of Confederation, a role that some mistakenly equate with the modern office of the President of the United States. While this office bore little resemblance to the executive role later held by George Washington, Hanson's presidency was nonetheless significant. He was a signatory of the Articles of Confederation, solidifying his role in the foundation of the United States government.
After his term as President of the Continental Congress, Hanson continued to be involved in public affairs until his death. He passed away on November 22, 1783, at the residence of his nephew at Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland. Hanson's contributions to the early United States, especially his role in the Continental Congress, have earned him a lasting place in American history. His legacy also lived on through his family, as his grandson, Alexander Contee Hanson, continued the tradition of public service as a prominent political figure in Maryland.
We were unable to locate his headstone at Saint Johns Episcopal Church in Fort Washington, MD. It's also rumored that he was buried at his home, Oxon Hill Manor, in Prince George's County.
John Hanson
Saint Johns Episcopal Church 2024
Saint Johns Episcopal Church 2024
Cornelius Harnett
Apr 10, 1723 – Apr 20, 1781
Home:
Wilmington, NC
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Merchant, Politician
Info:
Cornelius Harnett, born on April 10, 1723, in "Chowan County, North Carolina", was a prominent American Founding Father, politician, merchant, and plantation owner. He played a leading role in the "Cape Fear" region during the American Revolution and served as a delegate to the "Continental Congress" from 1777 to 1779, where he signed the "Articles of Confederation". His legacy is honored by the naming of "Harnett County, North Carolina".
Shortly after his birth, Harnett’s family moved to "Wilmington, North Carolina". As an adult, he established himself as a successful merchant and engaged in farming, milling, and other business ventures. Though little is known about his formal education, Harnett’s intelligence and business acumen propelled him into a life of public service. He was an "Episcopalian" but also held "deist" beliefs.
Harnett married "Mary Holt", and they lived together on his second plantation, "Poplar Grove", in Scotts Hill, north of Wilmington. Throughout his political career, he maintained correspondence with his wife, highlighting their close relationship despite his many obligations.
Harnett began his political career in 1750 when he was elected "Wilmington town commissioner". He was appointed "justice of the peace" for "New Hanover County" by Governor "Gabriel Johnston" and, in 1754, was elected to the "North Carolina House of Burgesses", where he served until 1775.
A strong opponent of British colonial policies, Harnett became chairman of the "Sons of Liberty" in 1765 and led resistance against the "Stamp Act". His revolutionary zeal continued to grow, and in 1775, he served as the first president of the "North Carolina Provincial Council", or Council of Safety, acting as the de facto chief executive of the revolutionary state. Though his powers were limited, his leadership helped organize North Carolina’s resistance to British rule.
Harnett participated as a delegate in North Carolina’s "First", "Second", "Third", and "Fourth Provincial Congresses". He represented "Brunswick County" and served as "Vice President" of the "Fifth Provincial Congress". His influence extended to the national stage when he was elected to the "Continental Congress" in 1777, where he signed the "Articles of Confederation", contributing to the foundational framework of the United States.
His revolutionary activities made him a target for the British. In 1776, General "Sir Henry Clinton" excluded Harnett from a general amnesty proclamation, underscoring his significance as a Patriot leader. In January 1781, during the British occupation of Wilmington, Harnett was captured, treated harshly—described as being “thrown across a horse like a sack of meal”—and imprisoned. His health rapidly declined due to the harsh conditions of his captivity.
Harnett was eventually released on parole but died shortly after on "April 20, 1781", at the age of 58. His death marked the loss of a key figure in North Carolina's fight for independence. Cornelius Harnett's contributions to the American Revolution, his leadership in state and national politics, and his dedication to the cause of liberty have left a lasting legacy, symbolized by "Harnett County", named in his honor.
Shortly after his birth, Harnett’s family moved to "Wilmington, North Carolina". As an adult, he established himself as a successful merchant and engaged in farming, milling, and other business ventures. Though little is known about his formal education, Harnett’s intelligence and business acumen propelled him into a life of public service. He was an "Episcopalian" but also held "deist" beliefs.
Harnett married "Mary Holt", and they lived together on his second plantation, "Poplar Grove", in Scotts Hill, north of Wilmington. Throughout his political career, he maintained correspondence with his wife, highlighting their close relationship despite his many obligations.
Harnett began his political career in 1750 when he was elected "Wilmington town commissioner". He was appointed "justice of the peace" for "New Hanover County" by Governor "Gabriel Johnston" and, in 1754, was elected to the "North Carolina House of Burgesses", where he served until 1775.
A strong opponent of British colonial policies, Harnett became chairman of the "Sons of Liberty" in 1765 and led resistance against the "Stamp Act". His revolutionary zeal continued to grow, and in 1775, he served as the first president of the "North Carolina Provincial Council", or Council of Safety, acting as the de facto chief executive of the revolutionary state. Though his powers were limited, his leadership helped organize North Carolina’s resistance to British rule.
Harnett participated as a delegate in North Carolina’s "First", "Second", "Third", and "Fourth Provincial Congresses". He represented "Brunswick County" and served as "Vice President" of the "Fifth Provincial Congress". His influence extended to the national stage when he was elected to the "Continental Congress" in 1777, where he signed the "Articles of Confederation", contributing to the foundational framework of the United States.
His revolutionary activities made him a target for the British. In 1776, General "Sir Henry Clinton" excluded Harnett from a general amnesty proclamation, underscoring his significance as a Patriot leader. In January 1781, during the British occupation of Wilmington, Harnett was captured, treated harshly—described as being “thrown across a horse like a sack of meal”—and imprisoned. His health rapidly declined due to the harsh conditions of his captivity.
Harnett was eventually released on parole but died shortly after on "April 20, 1781", at the age of 58. His death marked the loss of a key figure in North Carolina's fight for independence. Cornelius Harnett's contributions to the American Revolution, his leadership in state and national politics, and his dedication to the cause of liberty have left a lasting legacy, symbolized by "Harnett County", named in his honor.
John Harvie
Dec 20, 1742 – Feb 6, 1807
Home:
Albemarle County, VA
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
John Harvie, born in 1742 at "Belmont Plantation" in Albemarle County, Virginia, was a prominent lawyer, landowner, and American Founding Father. He is remembered for his role as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" and as a signer of the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778. A close friend of "Thomas Jefferson", Harvie contributed significantly to the revolutionary cause and early American governance.
Harvie was the son of Scottish immigrant "John Harvie Sr." and "Martha Gaines Harvie". Following his father's death in 1767, he inherited Belmont Plantation, while his mother and siblings moved to Georgia. He married "Margaret Morton Jones", daughter of "Gabriel Jones", and together they had seven children: Lewis, John, Edwin, Jacquelin, Gabriella, Emily, and Julia.
Educated in law, Harvie established a successful practice in "Augusta County, Virginia", and gained a reputation for his business acumen. He was among the first lawyers to practice at the "Albemarle Bar". His financial skills allowed him to amass considerable wealth, and he held directorial positions, including being one of the first directors of the "Bank of Virginia".
Harvie entered politics during the early revolutionary period, representing West Augusta County at the "Virginia Conventions" of 1775 and 1776. Though he never resided in the region, he was elected as a delegate due to the challenges of finding representatives willing to undertake the arduous journey. In 1777, Harvie was chosen as one of Virginia’s delegates to the "Second Continental Congress". On "July 9, 1778", he signed the Articles of Confederation alongside his fellow Virginia delegates.
During the "American Revolutionary War", Harvie played a multifaceted role. In 1774, he served as a commissioner to negotiate a peace treaty with the "Shawnee" tribe after the "Battle of Point Pleasant". He held the rank of "colonel" in the Virginia militia and worked as a purchasing agent and supply organizer for Virginia troops. Harvie also served on the "Board of War", where he supported General "George Washington" during the harsh winter at "Valley Forge". His influence led to the establishment of a "prisoner-of-war camp" at his property, "The Barracks", near Charlottesville, where British and Hessian soldiers were held.
In 1780, Harvie was appointed "Registrar of the Land Office" in Richmond, overseeing transactions for lands in the "Northwest Territory" and western Virginia. He served as the "fourth mayor of Richmond" from 1785 to 1786 and continued his business ventures, acquiring large estates, including "Pen Park", "Belmont", and "Belvidere".
Harvie’s wealth was rooted in land ownership and agriculture, relying on enslaved labor. In 1789, he owned 17 enslaved individuals and managed large tracts of land. His estate, "Belvidere", in Richmond was noted for its grandeur, often compared to "Mount Vernon".
Tragically, Harvie died on "February 6, 1807", after falling from the roof of a mansion under construction by architect "Benjamin Latrobe". He was buried in the family plot at Belvidere, which later became part of "Hollywood Cemetery" in Richmond.
Harvie’s legacy is reflected in "Harvie Street" and "Jacquelin Street" in Richmond, named to honor his contributions and his family. His life exemplified dedication to the revolutionary cause, legal expertise, and a lasting impact on Virginia's early development.
Harvie was the son of Scottish immigrant "John Harvie Sr." and "Martha Gaines Harvie". Following his father's death in 1767, he inherited Belmont Plantation, while his mother and siblings moved to Georgia. He married "Margaret Morton Jones", daughter of "Gabriel Jones", and together they had seven children: Lewis, John, Edwin, Jacquelin, Gabriella, Emily, and Julia.
Educated in law, Harvie established a successful practice in "Augusta County, Virginia", and gained a reputation for his business acumen. He was among the first lawyers to practice at the "Albemarle Bar". His financial skills allowed him to amass considerable wealth, and he held directorial positions, including being one of the first directors of the "Bank of Virginia".
Harvie entered politics during the early revolutionary period, representing West Augusta County at the "Virginia Conventions" of 1775 and 1776. Though he never resided in the region, he was elected as a delegate due to the challenges of finding representatives willing to undertake the arduous journey. In 1777, Harvie was chosen as one of Virginia’s delegates to the "Second Continental Congress". On "July 9, 1778", he signed the Articles of Confederation alongside his fellow Virginia delegates.
During the "American Revolutionary War", Harvie played a multifaceted role. In 1774, he served as a commissioner to negotiate a peace treaty with the "Shawnee" tribe after the "Battle of Point Pleasant". He held the rank of "colonel" in the Virginia militia and worked as a purchasing agent and supply organizer for Virginia troops. Harvie also served on the "Board of War", where he supported General "George Washington" during the harsh winter at "Valley Forge". His influence led to the establishment of a "prisoner-of-war camp" at his property, "The Barracks", near Charlottesville, where British and Hessian soldiers were held.
In 1780, Harvie was appointed "Registrar of the Land Office" in Richmond, overseeing transactions for lands in the "Northwest Territory" and western Virginia. He served as the "fourth mayor of Richmond" from 1785 to 1786 and continued his business ventures, acquiring large estates, including "Pen Park", "Belmont", and "Belvidere".
Harvie’s wealth was rooted in land ownership and agriculture, relying on enslaved labor. In 1789, he owned 17 enslaved individuals and managed large tracts of land. His estate, "Belvidere", in Richmond was noted for its grandeur, often compared to "Mount Vernon".
Tragically, Harvie died on "February 6, 1807", after falling from the roof of a mansion under construction by architect "Benjamin Latrobe". He was buried in the family plot at Belvidere, which later became part of "Hollywood Cemetery" in Richmond.
Harvie’s legacy is reflected in "Harvie Street" and "Jacquelin Street" in Richmond, named to honor his contributions and his family. His life exemplified dedication to the revolutionary cause, legal expertise, and a lasting impact on Virginia's early development.
John Harvie
John Harvie 2024
John Harvie 2024
John Harvie 2024
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
July 28, 1746 – Mar 6, 1809
Home:
St. Helena Parish, SC
Education:
Middle Temple, London
Profession:
Lawyer, Plantation Owner
Info:
After signing the Declaration of Independence, Heyward returned to South Carolina to fight the British, joining the militia. In 1779, he was wounded during the successful battle of Port Royal Island, near Beaufort, South Carolina. He recovered, and a year later, helped to defend Charleston. On August 27, 1780, Heyward was taken from his Charleston home by British troops and detained in the Old Exchange Building. Just hours after being arrested, he and 28 other "ringleaders of the rebellion" were relocated to a guard ship in the harbor. On September 4, they were transported to St. Augustine, Florida, and remained there for about 11 months until they were freed in a prisoner exchange.
In 1779 the Heyward's family home, White Hall, was damaged by a fire set by the Tories. [refn: Robert B. Cuthbert and Stephen G. Hoffius, editors, Northern Money, Southern Land: The Lowcountry Plantation Sketches of Chlotilde R. Martin (Columbia, SC: The University of South Carolina Press, 2009) pg 171]
In 1779 the Heyward's family home, White Hall, was damaged by a fire set by the Tories. [refn: Robert B. Cuthbert and Stephen G. Hoffius, editors, Northern Money, Southern Land: The Lowcountry Plantation Sketches of Chlotilde R. Martin (Columbia, SC: The University of South Carolina Press, 2009) pg 171]
_Philippe_Abraham_Peticolas.jpg)
Thomas Heyward, Jr. by Philippe Abraham Peticolas
Thomas Heyward, Jr. 2019
Thomas Heyward, Jr. 2019
Samuel Holten
June 9, 1738 – Jan 2, 1816
Home:
Danvers, MA
Education:
Medical Apprenticeship
Profession:
Physician, Politician
Info:
Samuel Holten, born on "June 9, 1738", in "Salem Village" (modern-day Danvers), Massachusetts, was an American Founding Father, physician, jurist, and politician. A signer of the "Articles of Confederation", Holten played a significant role in both state and national politics during and after the American Revolution.
Holten pursued a medical career, studying under a local physician before establishing a practice in "Gloucester". He later returned to Danvers, where he continued practicing medicine. His commitment to public service soon expanded beyond medicine as he became a strong supporter of the "Patriot cause" during the American Revolution.
During the war, Holten served as a "major in the First Essex County Regiment". He was elected to the "Massachusetts Provincial Congress" from 1774 to 1775 and served on the "Massachusetts Committee of Safety", contributing to the colony's revolutionary efforts. In 1778, Holten was appointed to the "Continental Congress", where he signed the "Articles of Confederation", solidifying his role as a Founding Father.
After leaving the Continental Congress in 1780, Holten remained active in Massachusetts politics. He served in the "Massachusetts Senate" from 1780 to 1782 and was a member of the "Massachusetts Governor's Council", a position he held intermittently for eight of the next 14 years. His service at the state level helped shape Massachusetts' governance during the formative years of the new nation.
Holten returned to the "Congress of the Confederation" in 1783, where he briefly served as its chairman. Despite the limited powers of the Confederation Congress under the Articles, his leadership was recognized during this challenging period for the fledgling government. He later resumed his service in the Massachusetts Senate, completing terms in 1784, 1786, 1789, and 1790. Additionally, he served in the "Massachusetts House of Representatives" in 1787 and returned to the Confederation Congress that year.
In 1792, Holten was elected as an "Anti-Administration candidate" to the "Third U.S. Congress", serving from 1793 to 1795. As a member of the House of Representatives, Holten continued to advocate for the interests of his constituents in the evolving federal government.
After leaving Congress, Holten was appointed "judge of the Essex County Probate Court" in 1796. He served on the bench for nearly two decades, resigning in 1815, just a year before his death.
Samuel Holten passed away on "January 2, 1816", in his hometown of Danvers. He was buried in "Holten Cemetery", leaving behind a legacy as a dedicated public servant who contributed to the founding and governance of the United States.
Holten pursued a medical career, studying under a local physician before establishing a practice in "Gloucester". He later returned to Danvers, where he continued practicing medicine. His commitment to public service soon expanded beyond medicine as he became a strong supporter of the "Patriot cause" during the American Revolution.
During the war, Holten served as a "major in the First Essex County Regiment". He was elected to the "Massachusetts Provincial Congress" from 1774 to 1775 and served on the "Massachusetts Committee of Safety", contributing to the colony's revolutionary efforts. In 1778, Holten was appointed to the "Continental Congress", where he signed the "Articles of Confederation", solidifying his role as a Founding Father.
After leaving the Continental Congress in 1780, Holten remained active in Massachusetts politics. He served in the "Massachusetts Senate" from 1780 to 1782 and was a member of the "Massachusetts Governor's Council", a position he held intermittently for eight of the next 14 years. His service at the state level helped shape Massachusetts' governance during the formative years of the new nation.
Holten returned to the "Congress of the Confederation" in 1783, where he briefly served as its chairman. Despite the limited powers of the Confederation Congress under the Articles, his leadership was recognized during this challenging period for the fledgling government. He later resumed his service in the Massachusetts Senate, completing terms in 1784, 1786, 1789, and 1790. Additionally, he served in the "Massachusetts House of Representatives" in 1787 and returned to the Confederation Congress that year.
In 1792, Holten was elected as an "Anti-Administration candidate" to the "Third U.S. Congress", serving from 1793 to 1795. As a member of the House of Representatives, Holten continued to advocate for the interests of his constituents in the evolving federal government.
After leaving Congress, Holten was appointed "judge of the Essex County Probate Court" in 1796. He served on the bench for nearly two decades, resigning in 1815, just a year before his death.
Samuel Holten passed away on "January 2, 1816", in his hometown of Danvers. He was buried in "Holten Cemetery", leaving behind a legacy as a dedicated public servant who contributed to the founding and governance of the United States.
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Samuel Holten
Titus Hosmer
1736 – Aug 4, 1780
Home:
Middletown, CT
Education:
Yale College
Profession:
Lawyer, Judge
Info:
Titus Hosmer was an American Founding Father, lawyer, and jurist from "Middletown, Connecticut". He served as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" and signed the "Articles of Confederation", contributing to the early formation of the United States.
Born in "West Hartford, Connecticut" in 1736, Hosmer attended "Yale University" and graduated in 1757. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established a successful legal practice in Middletown. His legal acumen and dedication to public service led to a prominent political career during a critical period in American history.
Hosmer’s political involvement began with his election to the "Connecticut State Assembly", where he served annually from 1773 to 1778. During this time, he earned recognition for his leadership and was chosen as the "Speaker of the Assembly" in 1777. In May 1778, he advanced to the "Connecticut State Senate", a role he held until his death. His reputation as a capable legislator and advocate for the Patriot cause led to his appointment as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" later in 1778.
As a member of the Continental Congress, Hosmer participated in shaping the emerging nation. One of his most notable contributions was his signing of the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778, an essential document that served as the first constitution for the United States, establishing a framework for governance during the Revolutionary War.
In recognition of his legal expertise, the Continental Congress appointed Hosmer to the "Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture" on "January 22, 1780". This federal court handled maritime cases related to the capture of enemy vessels, reflecting Hosmer’s trusted role in adjudicating matters critical to the war effort.
Hosmer’s life was cut short when he died on "August 4, 1780", in Middletown, Connecticut. He was buried in "Mortimer Cemetery", and his death was widely mourned. The renowned poet "Joel Barlow", who had benefited from Hosmer’s patronage, composed an elegy in his honor, reflecting the respect and admiration Hosmer earned during his life.
Hosmer's family continued his legacy of public service. He married "Lydia Lord" on "November 29, 1761", and they had several children who achieved prominence. His son, "Stephen Hosmer", became a lawyer and later served as the "Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court". Another son, "Hezekiah Lord Hosmer", was a U.S. Representative for New York. Hosmer’s grandson, also named "Hezekiah Lord Hosmer", served as the first "Chief Justice of the Montana Territory" and authored several books.
The Hosmer family traced its origins to "Rotherfield, Sussex", and later "Hawkhurst, Kent", in England. The family’s American roots were established by Colonel "Thomas Titus", a Roundhead in the "New Model Army", who emigrated to "Boston" during the English Restoration before settling in Middletown, Connecticut.
Titus Hosmer’s contributions to the formation of the United States and his legacy through his family cement his place as an influential figure in American history.
Born in "West Hartford, Connecticut" in 1736, Hosmer attended "Yale University" and graduated in 1757. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established a successful legal practice in Middletown. His legal acumen and dedication to public service led to a prominent political career during a critical period in American history.
Hosmer’s political involvement began with his election to the "Connecticut State Assembly", where he served annually from 1773 to 1778. During this time, he earned recognition for his leadership and was chosen as the "Speaker of the Assembly" in 1777. In May 1778, he advanced to the "Connecticut State Senate", a role he held until his death. His reputation as a capable legislator and advocate for the Patriot cause led to his appointment as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" later in 1778.
As a member of the Continental Congress, Hosmer participated in shaping the emerging nation. One of his most notable contributions was his signing of the "Articles of Confederation" in 1778, an essential document that served as the first constitution for the United States, establishing a framework for governance during the Revolutionary War.
In recognition of his legal expertise, the Continental Congress appointed Hosmer to the "Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture" on "January 22, 1780". This federal court handled maritime cases related to the capture of enemy vessels, reflecting Hosmer’s trusted role in adjudicating matters critical to the war effort.
Hosmer’s life was cut short when he died on "August 4, 1780", in Middletown, Connecticut. He was buried in "Mortimer Cemetery", and his death was widely mourned. The renowned poet "Joel Barlow", who had benefited from Hosmer’s patronage, composed an elegy in his honor, reflecting the respect and admiration Hosmer earned during his life.
Hosmer's family continued his legacy of public service. He married "Lydia Lord" on "November 29, 1761", and they had several children who achieved prominence. His son, "Stephen Hosmer", became a lawyer and later served as the "Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court". Another son, "Hezekiah Lord Hosmer", was a U.S. Representative for New York. Hosmer’s grandson, also named "Hezekiah Lord Hosmer", served as the first "Chief Justice of the Montana Territory" and authored several books.
The Hosmer family traced its origins to "Rotherfield, Sussex", and later "Hawkhurst, Kent", in England. The family’s American roots were established by Colonel "Thomas Titus", a Roundhead in the "New Model Army", who emigrated to "Boston" during the English Restoration before settling in Middletown, Connecticut.
Titus Hosmer’s contributions to the formation of the United States and his legacy through his family cement his place as an influential figure in American history.
Titus Hosmer
Mortimer Cemetery was locked 2024
Titus Hosmer headstone 2024
Samuel Huntington
July 3, 1731 – Jan 5, 1796
Home:
Norwich, CT
Education:
Self-educated
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
Samuel Huntington, born in 1731 in Connecticut, was a self-taught lawyer who climbed to significant political heights despite humble beginnings and recurring health issues. He began his public career in the Connecticut legislature in 1764 and became a King's Attorney and a judge. Transitioning to a revolutionary stance, he joined the Continental Congress in 1775, where he served in various capacities including President of Congress when the Articles of Confederation were adopted.
Huntington returned to Connecticut in 1783 after extensive national service. He continued his political career as chief justice, Lieutenant Governor, and then Governor. During his tenure, he led Connecticut's ratification of the Federal Constitution and improved educational systems. He remained active in politics and education until his death in 1796.
Huntington returned to Connecticut in 1783 after extensive national service. He continued his political career as chief justice, Lieutenant Governor, and then Governor. During his tenure, he led Connecticut's ratification of the Federal Constitution and improved educational systems. He remained active in politics and education until his death in 1796.
Samuel Huntington by Charles Willson Peale
Samuel Huntington 2023
Samuel Huntington 2023
Samuel Huntington 2023
Samuel Huntington 2023
Richard Hutson
Sep 9, 1748 – Apr 12, 1795
Home:
Charleston, SC
Education:
Middle Temple, London
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
Richard Hutson was an American Founding Father, lawyer, judge, and politician from "Charleston, South Carolina". He played a key role in shaping both state and national governance during and after the "American Revolution" and was a signer of the "Articles of Confederation".
Hutson was born on "July 9, 1748", in "Prince William Parish, South Carolina", to Reverend "William Hutson" and "Mary Woodward Hutson". In 1756, his family moved to Charleston, where his father served as pastor of the "Circular Congregational Church". After receiving his early education in Charleston, Hutson attended "Princeton College", graduating in 1765. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established a legal practice in Charleston.
Hutson's political career began with his election to the "South Carolina House of Representatives", where he served from 1776 to 1779. As the Revolutionary War intensified, he was chosen as a delegate to the "Continental Congress" in 1778 and 1779, where he signed the "Articles of Confederation", contributing to the foundation of the new nation.
In May 1780, when the British captured Charleston, Hutson was taken prisoner and held in "St. Augustine, Florida", until July 1781. Upon his return to South Carolina, he resumed public service during a crucial period in the state's history. From 1782 to 1783, he served as the eighth "Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina" under Governor "John Mathews". During this time, he also participated in the "Legislative Council of South Carolina" from 1780 to 1782.
On "September 11, 1783", Hutson was elected the first "Intendant (Mayor) of Charleston", a position equivalent to that of a modern mayor. He was re-elected in 1784, defeating "Alexander Gillon" by a wide margin. As intendant, Hutson played a significant role in rebuilding and governing Charleston in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War.
In 1784, Hutson was appointed one of the first three "chancellors of the Court of Equity of South Carolina", a prestigious position reflecting his legal expertise. He continued to serve as a judge until 1795, becoming the "Senior Judge of the Chancery Court" in 1791. His judicial career helped establish the principles of equity law in the state.
Hutson was also a delegate to the "South Carolina Constitutional Convention" in 1788, where he contributed to the state’s ratification of the "United States Constitution". His commitment to state and national governance showcased his dedication to the new republic.
Richard Hutson passed away on "April 12, 1795", in Charleston, South Carolina. He was interred in the "Independent Congregational (Circular) Churchyard", within the "Perrineau family vault". His legacy endures as a steadfast advocate for independence, a builder of state institutions, and a key figure in Charleston's post-Revolutionary recovery.
Hutson was born on "July 9, 1748", in "Prince William Parish, South Carolina", to Reverend "William Hutson" and "Mary Woodward Hutson". In 1756, his family moved to Charleston, where his father served as pastor of the "Circular Congregational Church". After receiving his early education in Charleston, Hutson attended "Princeton College", graduating in 1765. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established a legal practice in Charleston.
Hutson's political career began with his election to the "South Carolina House of Representatives", where he served from 1776 to 1779. As the Revolutionary War intensified, he was chosen as a delegate to the "Continental Congress" in 1778 and 1779, where he signed the "Articles of Confederation", contributing to the foundation of the new nation.
In May 1780, when the British captured Charleston, Hutson was taken prisoner and held in "St. Augustine, Florida", until July 1781. Upon his return to South Carolina, he resumed public service during a crucial period in the state's history. From 1782 to 1783, he served as the eighth "Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina" under Governor "John Mathews". During this time, he also participated in the "Legislative Council of South Carolina" from 1780 to 1782.
On "September 11, 1783", Hutson was elected the first "Intendant (Mayor) of Charleston", a position equivalent to that of a modern mayor. He was re-elected in 1784, defeating "Alexander Gillon" by a wide margin. As intendant, Hutson played a significant role in rebuilding and governing Charleston in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War.
In 1784, Hutson was appointed one of the first three "chancellors of the Court of Equity of South Carolina", a prestigious position reflecting his legal expertise. He continued to serve as a judge until 1795, becoming the "Senior Judge of the Chancery Court" in 1791. His judicial career helped establish the principles of equity law in the state.
Hutson was also a delegate to the "South Carolina Constitutional Convention" in 1788, where he contributed to the state’s ratification of the "United States Constitution". His commitment to state and national governance showcased his dedication to the new republic.
Richard Hutson passed away on "April 12, 1795", in Charleston, South Carolina. He was interred in the "Independent Congregational (Circular) Churchyard", within the "Perrineau family vault". His legacy endures as a steadfast advocate for independence, a builder of state institutions, and a key figure in Charleston's post-Revolutionary recovery.
Richard Hutson
Richard Hutson's vault at Independent Congregational (Circular) Churchyard 2024
Henry Laurens
Feb 24, 1724 – Dec 8, 1792
Home:
Charleston, SC
Education:
London, England (Merchant training)
Profession:
Merchant, Politician
Info:
Henry Laurens was an American Founding Father, merchant, slave trader, and political leader from "South Carolina". He played a significant role during the "American Revolution" as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress", succeeding "John Hancock" as its president and signing the "Articles of Confederation". He also served as the "United States Minister to the Netherlands" and was a key figure in securing international support for the American cause.
Born on "March 6, 1724" (O.S. February 24, 1723) in "Charleston, South Carolina", Laurens came from a family of "Huguenot" refugees who fled France for religious freedom. His parents, "John Laurens" and "Hester Grasset Laurens", provided him with a prosperous upbringing. After completing his early education, Laurens traveled to "London" in 1744 to further his business training. Upon his father's death in 1747, Laurens inherited a considerable estate and returned to Charleston, where he married "Eleanor Ball" in 1750. The couple had thirteen children, including "John Laurens", who became a notable Revolutionary War officer.
Laurens amassed his wealth through the Charleston-based firm "Austin and Laurens", which was the largest slave-trading house in North America during the 1750s, overseeing the sale of more than 8,000 enslaved Africans. In addition to his business ventures, Laurens served as a lieutenant colonel during campaigns against the "Cherokee Indians" in the "French and Indian War".
Entering politics in 1757, Laurens was elected to "South Carolina's colonial assembly" and remained active in public service for two decades. Though initially inclined toward reconciliation with Britain, he eventually supported the "Patriot cause" as tensions escalated. In 1775, he became president of the "Committee of Safety" and presiding officer of the "South Carolina Provincial Congress". He served as the state’s "vice president" from 1776 to 1777.
Laurens was elected as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" in 1777, where he served as "president" from "November 1777 to December 1778". During his presidency, he signed the "Articles of Confederation" and helped guide the fledgling nation through a critical phase of the Revolution. In 1779, Congress appointed Laurens as minister to the "Netherlands". On his voyage to Amsterdam in 1780, Laurens was captured by the British and imprisoned in the "Tower of London" for over a year, making him the only American held prisoner there. He was eventually released in exchange for "General Lord Cornwallis".
Laurens's son, "John Laurens", was an ardent abolitionist and aide-de-camp to "George Washington". Despite John’s urging to free the family’s slaves, Henry Laurens never manumitted his 260 enslaved individuals. John Laurens was killed in action in 1782.
In 1783, Laurens contributed to the "Treaty of Paris" negotiations, which ended the Revolutionary War. He retired from public life in 1784, declining invitations to return to politics, though he attended the "South Carolina Constitutional Convention" in 1788 and voted to ratify the "U.S. Constitution".
Laurens died on "December 8, 1792", at his estate, "Mepkin", in South Carolina. He requested to be cremated, reportedly out of fear of being buried alive, making him one of the first recorded cremations in the United States. His legacy is honored through places named after him, including "Laurens County" in "South Carolina" and "Georgia". Laurens's contributions as a Revolutionary leader, despite his controversial involvement in the slave trade, left a lasting mark on the early United States.
Born on "March 6, 1724" (O.S. February 24, 1723) in "Charleston, South Carolina", Laurens came from a family of "Huguenot" refugees who fled France for religious freedom. His parents, "John Laurens" and "Hester Grasset Laurens", provided him with a prosperous upbringing. After completing his early education, Laurens traveled to "London" in 1744 to further his business training. Upon his father's death in 1747, Laurens inherited a considerable estate and returned to Charleston, where he married "Eleanor Ball" in 1750. The couple had thirteen children, including "John Laurens", who became a notable Revolutionary War officer.
Laurens amassed his wealth through the Charleston-based firm "Austin and Laurens", which was the largest slave-trading house in North America during the 1750s, overseeing the sale of more than 8,000 enslaved Africans. In addition to his business ventures, Laurens served as a lieutenant colonel during campaigns against the "Cherokee Indians" in the "French and Indian War".
Entering politics in 1757, Laurens was elected to "South Carolina's colonial assembly" and remained active in public service for two decades. Though initially inclined toward reconciliation with Britain, he eventually supported the "Patriot cause" as tensions escalated. In 1775, he became president of the "Committee of Safety" and presiding officer of the "South Carolina Provincial Congress". He served as the state’s "vice president" from 1776 to 1777.
Laurens was elected as a delegate to the "Second Continental Congress" in 1777, where he served as "president" from "November 1777 to December 1778". During his presidency, he signed the "Articles of Confederation" and helped guide the fledgling nation through a critical phase of the Revolution. In 1779, Congress appointed Laurens as minister to the "Netherlands". On his voyage to Amsterdam in 1780, Laurens was captured by the British and imprisoned in the "Tower of London" for over a year, making him the only American held prisoner there. He was eventually released in exchange for "General Lord Cornwallis".
Laurens's son, "John Laurens", was an ardent abolitionist and aide-de-camp to "George Washington". Despite John’s urging to free the family’s slaves, Henry Laurens never manumitted his 260 enslaved individuals. John Laurens was killed in action in 1782.
In 1783, Laurens contributed to the "Treaty of Paris" negotiations, which ended the Revolutionary War. He retired from public life in 1784, declining invitations to return to politics, though he attended the "South Carolina Constitutional Convention" in 1788 and voted to ratify the "U.S. Constitution".
Laurens died on "December 8, 1792", at his estate, "Mepkin", in South Carolina. He requested to be cremated, reportedly out of fear of being buried alive, making him one of the first recorded cremations in the United States. His legacy is honored through places named after him, including "Laurens County" in "South Carolina" and "Georgia". Laurens's contributions as a Revolutionary leader, despite his controversial involvement in the slave trade, left a lasting mark on the early United States.
Henry Laurens
John Laurens and Henry Laurens 2021
Laurens Cemetery 2021
Laurens Cemetery 2021
Edward Langworthy
1738 – Sep 2, 1802
Home:
Savannah, GA
Education:
Bethesda Orphan House, GA
Profession:
Teacher, Politician
Info:
Edward Langworthy, a "Founding Father" and "Continental Congress" delegate, was born in "Savannah, Georgia", in "1738". His origins remain obscure, as he was a "foundling", raised in the "Bethesda Orphan House", a charitable institution founded by "George Whitefield". Despite his humble beginnings, Langworthy received an education at Bethesda and later returned to teach at the same school, demonstrating his commitment to education and public service.
In the years leading up to the "American Revolution", Langworthy became involved with the revolutionary cause in Georgia. He began working with the "Georgia Committee of Safety", which played a crucial role in organizing the colony's resistance to British rule. On "December 11, 1775", the Committee of Safety transitioned into a more formal revolutionary "Council of Safety", with Langworthy serving as its "secretary".
In "1777", the Georgia Assembly selected Langworthy as a delegate to the "Continental Congress". He arrived in time to sign the "Articles of Confederation", the first governing document of the United States, which established a loose union of the states. Langworthy served in Congress until "1779", contributing to the early legislative efforts of the fledgling nation during the Revolutionary War.
After his term in Congress, Langworthy moved to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1785. There, he married a woman named Wright, with whom he had four children. In Baltimore, Langworthy shifted his focus from politics to publishing. He purchased an interest in "The Maryland Journal & Baltimore Advertiser", a prominent newspaper of the time, and became its editor. His work in journalism reflected his ongoing engagement with public discourse and the exchange of ideas. In 1787, he sold his share in the newspaper and took a position as an "instructor" at the "Baltimore Academy", continuing his lifelong dedication to education.
Langworthy’s public service continued when, in 1795, he was appointed "clerk of customs" for the port of Baltimore, a role he held until his death. This position underscored his administrative abilities and his contribution to the growing commercial activities of the young republic.
Edward Langworthy died on November 2, 1802, during an outbreak of yellow fever. He was buried at the "Old Episcopal Church" in Baltimore. The church was demolished in 1891, and details regarding the re-interment of his remains are unknown.
Langworthy’s life exemplifies the transformative potential of the American Revolution. From his early years as an orphan to his role as a "signer of the Articles of Confederation" and later as an "educator", "journalist", and "public servant", Langworthy’s contributions were significant, particularly given his modest beginnings. His story is a testament to the idea that dedication and service to the common good could overcome social barriers, a principle at the heart of the American founding.
In the years leading up to the "American Revolution", Langworthy became involved with the revolutionary cause in Georgia. He began working with the "Georgia Committee of Safety", which played a crucial role in organizing the colony's resistance to British rule. On "December 11, 1775", the Committee of Safety transitioned into a more formal revolutionary "Council of Safety", with Langworthy serving as its "secretary".
In "1777", the Georgia Assembly selected Langworthy as a delegate to the "Continental Congress". He arrived in time to sign the "Articles of Confederation", the first governing document of the United States, which established a loose union of the states. Langworthy served in Congress until "1779", contributing to the early legislative efforts of the fledgling nation during the Revolutionary War.
After his term in Congress, Langworthy moved to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1785. There, he married a woman named Wright, with whom he had four children. In Baltimore, Langworthy shifted his focus from politics to publishing. He purchased an interest in "The Maryland Journal & Baltimore Advertiser", a prominent newspaper of the time, and became its editor. His work in journalism reflected his ongoing engagement with public discourse and the exchange of ideas. In 1787, he sold his share in the newspaper and took a position as an "instructor" at the "Baltimore Academy", continuing his lifelong dedication to education.
Langworthy’s public service continued when, in 1795, he was appointed "clerk of customs" for the port of Baltimore, a role he held until his death. This position underscored his administrative abilities and his contribution to the growing commercial activities of the young republic.
Edward Langworthy died on November 2, 1802, during an outbreak of yellow fever. He was buried at the "Old Episcopal Church" in Baltimore. The church was demolished in 1891, and details regarding the re-interment of his remains are unknown.
Langworthy’s life exemplifies the transformative potential of the American Revolution. From his early years as an orphan to his role as a "signer of the Articles of Confederation" and later as an "educator", "journalist", and "public servant", Langworthy’s contributions were significant, particularly given his modest beginnings. His story is a testament to the idea that dedication and service to the common good could overcome social barriers, a principle at the heart of the American founding.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Oct 14, 1734 – Jan 11, 1797
Home:
Mount Pleasant, VA
Education:
Private Tutoring
Profession:
Planter, Politician
Info:
Francis Lightfoot Lee, a Founding Father, Virginia statesman, and signer of the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation, was born on October 14, 1734, at Stratford Hall Plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the fourth son of Thomas Lee and Hannah Harrison Ludwell, both members of the prominent Lee family, one of the First Families of Virginia. The middle name “Lightfoot” honored Francis Lightfoot, who served as the best man at his father’s wedding. Lee grew up on his family’s large tobacco plantation, Stratford Hall, completed by his father in 1738. He received a classical education at home under the guidance of Dr. Craig.
In 1772, Lee married his cousin, Rebecca Plater Tayloe. Although the couple had no children, they shared a devoted life together in the Northern Neck region of Virginia, residing at their estate, Menokin, in Richmond County.
Lee’s political career began as a vocal opponent of British policies, particularly the Stamp Act of 1765. He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he helped steer the colony toward the cause of independence. In 1774, he supported the call for a general congress and attended the Virginia Conventions, which laid the groundwork for revolutionary action.
From 1775 to 1779, Lee served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. As a representative of Virginia, he signed both the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Articles of Confederation in 1778, contributing to the establishment of American self-governance. In addition to his national service, Lee was a member of the Virginia State Senate from 1778 to 1782, continuing his dedication to state and local governance.
Lee was also elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768, reflecting his intellectual pursuits and engagement with Enlightenment ideals.
Outside of politics, Lee managed a successful tobacco plantation and was a slave owner, reflecting the economic and social structure of his time. Despite his wealth and status, he maintained a relatively private and modest life compared to some of his more prominent brothers, such as Richard Henry Lee and Arthur Lee, who were also influential figures in the Revolution.
In January 1797, tragedy struck when Lee’s wife, Rebecca, passed away on January 7. Four days later, on January 11, 1797, Lee succumbed to pleurisy at their home, Menokin. He was buried in the Tayloe family burial ground at Mount Airy Plantation, near Warsaw, Virginia.
Francis Lightfoot Lee’s legacy endures as a steadfast patriot who played a critical role in securing American independence. Though he shunned the spotlight, his contributions to the founding principles of the United States remain a testament to his commitment to liberty and self-determination.
In 1772, Lee married his cousin, Rebecca Plater Tayloe. Although the couple had no children, they shared a devoted life together in the Northern Neck region of Virginia, residing at their estate, Menokin, in Richmond County.
Lee’s political career began as a vocal opponent of British policies, particularly the Stamp Act of 1765. He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he helped steer the colony toward the cause of independence. In 1774, he supported the call for a general congress and attended the Virginia Conventions, which laid the groundwork for revolutionary action.
From 1775 to 1779, Lee served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. As a representative of Virginia, he signed both the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Articles of Confederation in 1778, contributing to the establishment of American self-governance. In addition to his national service, Lee was a member of the Virginia State Senate from 1778 to 1782, continuing his dedication to state and local governance.
Lee was also elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768, reflecting his intellectual pursuits and engagement with Enlightenment ideals.
Outside of politics, Lee managed a successful tobacco plantation and was a slave owner, reflecting the economic and social structure of his time. Despite his wealth and status, he maintained a relatively private and modest life compared to some of his more prominent brothers, such as Richard Henry Lee and Arthur Lee, who were also influential figures in the Revolution.
In January 1797, tragedy struck when Lee’s wife, Rebecca, passed away on January 7. Four days later, on January 11, 1797, Lee succumbed to pleurisy at their home, Menokin. He was buried in the Tayloe family burial ground at Mount Airy Plantation, near Warsaw, Virginia.
Francis Lightfoot Lee’s legacy endures as a steadfast patriot who played a critical role in securing American independence. Though he shunned the spotlight, his contributions to the founding principles of the United States remain a testament to his commitment to liberty and self-determination.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Mt. Airy 2019
Richard Henry Lee
Jan 20, 1732 – Jun 19, 1794
Home:
Stratford, VA
Education:
Wakefield Academy, England
Profession:
Statesman, Revolutionary Leader, Planter, Politician, and Signer of the Declaration of Independence
Info:
Richard Henry Lee, born on January 20, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, was an American Founding Father best known for introducing the resolution that led to the Declaration of Independence. A dedicated statesman, Lee was a pivotal figure in shaping the early United States, serving in numerous political roles and championing colonial rights.
Lee came from the influential Lee family of Virginia. His father, Colonel Thomas Lee, served on the Governor's Council, and his mother was Hannah Harrison Ludwell Lee. Educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Wakefield, England, Richard returned to Virginia in 1753 after his parents’ deaths to help manage the family estate. He quickly entered public service, becoming justice of the peace for Westmoreland County in 1757 and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1758. There, he aligned with figures like Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, advocating for American independence.
An early opponent of British colonial policies, Lee helped establish the Committees of Correspondence to facilitate communication among colonies. In 1766, he authored the Westmoreland Resolution, protesting the Stamp Act. As tensions escalated, Lee represented Virginia in the First Continental Congress in 1774.
During the Second Continental Congress in 1776, Lee introduced the Lee Resolution, calling for the colonies' independence from Britain. His motion led directly to the drafting and adoption of the Declaration of Independence, which he signed upon returning to Congress. Lee also signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778, solidifying his role in America’s founding documents.
Lee’s contributions extended beyond independence. He served as President of the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1785, where he advocated for federal funding through land sales rather than taxes or foreign loans. His leadership saw the passage of the Land Ordinance of 1785, establishing the system for surveying and selling western lands, a process that shaped America’s territorial expansion.
From 1789 to 1792, Lee served as a U.S. Senator from Virginia during the First and Second Congresses, becoming the second president pro tempore of the Senate in 1792. Health issues forced his retirement later that year, concluding a long and distinguished political career.
Lee’s personal life was marked by family devotion. He married Anne Aylett in 1757, with whom he had six children. After Anne’s death in 1768, he married Anne Gaskins Pinckard, and they had seven children. His legacy continued through his children and relatives, many of whom held prominent roles in American society.
Richard Henry Lee died on June 19, 1794, at the age of 62. He left an indelible mark on American history, remembered for his unwavering commitment to independence and governance. Numerous schools, the Liberty Ship SS Richard Henry Lee, and historical sites honor his legacy. His leadership, vision, and dedication to the cause of liberty firmly established him as one of America’s most significant Founding Fathers.
Lee came from the influential Lee family of Virginia. His father, Colonel Thomas Lee, served on the Governor's Council, and his mother was Hannah Harrison Ludwell Lee. Educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Wakefield, England, Richard returned to Virginia in 1753 after his parents’ deaths to help manage the family estate. He quickly entered public service, becoming justice of the peace for Westmoreland County in 1757 and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1758. There, he aligned with figures like Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, advocating for American independence.
An early opponent of British colonial policies, Lee helped establish the Committees of Correspondence to facilitate communication among colonies. In 1766, he authored the Westmoreland Resolution, protesting the Stamp Act. As tensions escalated, Lee represented Virginia in the First Continental Congress in 1774.
During the Second Continental Congress in 1776, Lee introduced the Lee Resolution, calling for the colonies' independence from Britain. His motion led directly to the drafting and adoption of the Declaration of Independence, which he signed upon returning to Congress. Lee also signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778, solidifying his role in America’s founding documents.
Lee’s contributions extended beyond independence. He served as President of the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1785, where he advocated for federal funding through land sales rather than taxes or foreign loans. His leadership saw the passage of the Land Ordinance of 1785, establishing the system for surveying and selling western lands, a process that shaped America’s territorial expansion.
From 1789 to 1792, Lee served as a U.S. Senator from Virginia during the First and Second Congresses, becoming the second president pro tempore of the Senate in 1792. Health issues forced his retirement later that year, concluding a long and distinguished political career.
Lee’s personal life was marked by family devotion. He married Anne Aylett in 1757, with whom he had six children. After Anne’s death in 1768, he married Anne Gaskins Pinckard, and they had seven children. His legacy continued through his children and relatives, many of whom held prominent roles in American society.
Richard Henry Lee died on June 19, 1794, at the age of 62. He left an indelible mark on American history, remembered for his unwavering commitment to independence and governance. Numerous schools, the Liberty Ship SS Richard Henry Lee, and historical sites honor his legacy. His leadership, vision, and dedication to the cause of liberty firmly established him as one of America’s most significant Founding Fathers.
Richard Henry Lee by Charles Willson Peale
Richard Henry Lee 2019
Richard Henry Lee 2019
Richard Henry Lee 2019
Richard Henry Lee 2019
Francis Lewis
Mar 21, 1713 – Dec 30, 1802
Home:
New York, NY
Education:
Westminster School, London
Profession:
Merchant, Politician, and Signer of the Declaration of Independence
Info:
Francis Lewis, a Founding Father of the United States, was born on March 21, 1713, in Llandaff, Wales, to Morgan Lewis and Anne Pettingale Lewis. Educated at Westminster School in London, he embarked on a mercantile career, laying the foundation for his future success as a trader and politician.
Upon turning 21, Lewis inherited property from his father, which he sold to finance his first ventures. He sailed to New York City in 1734 or 1735, partnering with Edward Annesley to establish a thriving mercantile business. After a brief period in Philadelphia, he settled permanently in New York and engaged in extensive trade, making multiple transatlantic trips to Europe, Saint Petersburg, Scotland, and Africa. His role as a British mercantile agent during the Seven Years' War led to his capture by the French in 1756, resulting in imprisonment in France. Upon his release, he returned to New York and began to engage in political affairs.
As tensions between the colonies and Britain grew, Lewis joined the Committee of Sixty and served in the New York Provincial Congress. He was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779. In 1776, he signed the Declaration of Independence, affirming his commitment to American liberty. In 1778, he further cemented his role as a nation-builder by signing the Articles of Confederation. He also served as chairman of the Continental Board of Admiralty in 1779, contributing to the governance of the nascent American navy.
Lewis’s personal life was marked by tragedy and resilience. In 1745, he married Elizabeth Annesley, sister of his business partner. The couple had seven children, three of whom survived to adulthood: Ann, Francis Jr., and Morgan. Morgan served in the Continental Army and later became Governor of New York.
During the Revolutionary War, the Lewis family’s sacrifices were profound. After the Battle of Long Island in 1776, British forces destroyed the family estate in Whitestone, Queens, and captured Elizabeth. Her harsh treatment in captivity deteriorated her health, leading to her death in 1779 after a prisoner exchange. Despite these hardships, Lewis continued his contributions to the revolutionary cause and supported his family’s future endeavors.
Lewis retired from public life and lived in relative obscurity until his death on December 31, 1802. He was buried in Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City. His memorial, however, erroneously lists his year of death as 1803.
Lewis’s legacy endures in various ways. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 79 "The Francis Lewis School", and Francis Lewis Boulevard in Queens, New York, bear his name. Francis Lewis Park sits near the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, honoring his contributions. His descendants, including his son Morgan and granddaughter Margaret Lewis Livingston, continued his legacy of public service.
Francis Lewis exemplified dedication to commerce, politics, and the struggle for American independence. His life reflects the sacrifices made by the Founding Fathers in securing the freedom and prosperity of the United States.
Upon turning 21, Lewis inherited property from his father, which he sold to finance his first ventures. He sailed to New York City in 1734 or 1735, partnering with Edward Annesley to establish a thriving mercantile business. After a brief period in Philadelphia, he settled permanently in New York and engaged in extensive trade, making multiple transatlantic trips to Europe, Saint Petersburg, Scotland, and Africa. His role as a British mercantile agent during the Seven Years' War led to his capture by the French in 1756, resulting in imprisonment in France. Upon his release, he returned to New York and began to engage in political affairs.
As tensions between the colonies and Britain grew, Lewis joined the Committee of Sixty and served in the New York Provincial Congress. He was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779. In 1776, he signed the Declaration of Independence, affirming his commitment to American liberty. In 1778, he further cemented his role as a nation-builder by signing the Articles of Confederation. He also served as chairman of the Continental Board of Admiralty in 1779, contributing to the governance of the nascent American navy.
Lewis’s personal life was marked by tragedy and resilience. In 1745, he married Elizabeth Annesley, sister of his business partner. The couple had seven children, three of whom survived to adulthood: Ann, Francis Jr., and Morgan. Morgan served in the Continental Army and later became Governor of New York.
During the Revolutionary War, the Lewis family’s sacrifices were profound. After the Battle of Long Island in 1776, British forces destroyed the family estate in Whitestone, Queens, and captured Elizabeth. Her harsh treatment in captivity deteriorated her health, leading to her death in 1779 after a prisoner exchange. Despite these hardships, Lewis continued his contributions to the revolutionary cause and supported his family’s future endeavors.
Lewis retired from public life and lived in relative obscurity until his death on December 31, 1802. He was buried in Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City. His memorial, however, erroneously lists his year of death as 1803.
Lewis’s legacy endures in various ways. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 79 "The Francis Lewis School", and Francis Lewis Boulevard in Queens, New York, bear his name. Francis Lewis Park sits near the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, honoring his contributions. His descendants, including his son Morgan and granddaughter Margaret Lewis Livingston, continued his legacy of public service.
Francis Lewis exemplified dedication to commerce, politics, and the struggle for American independence. His life reflects the sacrifices made by the Founding Fathers in securing the freedom and prosperity of the United States.
Francis Lewis
Francis Lewis 2023
Francis Lewis 2023
James Lovell
Oct 31, 1737 – Jul 14, 1814
Home:
Cambridge, MA
Education:
Boston Latin School, Harvard College
Profession:
Revolutionary Statesman, Educator, and Code Creator
Info:
James Lovell, a Founding Father and dedicated public servant, was born on October 31, 1737, in Boston, Massachusetts. Educated at the Boston Latin School, where his father John Lovell served as headmaster, James went on to graduate from Harvard College in 1756. He earned a Master of Arts degree from Harvard in 1759. Joining his father, he taught at the Boston Latin School until the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775.
The Revolution created a rift between father and son. While John Lovell remained a Loyalist, James became a fervent Whig, advocating for American independence. In 1771, he delivered a powerful oration on the Boston Massacre at the Old South Church. His patriot leanings led to his arrest by British authorities after the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. He was imprisoned in the Boston Stone Jail for nine months before being transported to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he remained a prisoner for another nine months. He was finally exchanged for Colonel Philip Skene in November 1776.
Upon his return to Boston, Lovell was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served from 1777 to 1782. During his tenure, he became a vital member of the Committee of Foreign Correspondence and the Committee of Secret Correspondence. In this role, he developed complex cipher systems to secure diplomatic communications. However, these ciphers were notoriously difficult to decipher, prompting frustration from figures like John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. Lovell also signed the Articles of Confederation on July 9, 1778, representing Massachusetts.
Lovell’s political career was marked by controversy regarding military leadership. He supported General Horatio Gates in his efforts to challenge George Washington's authority. Lovell encouraged Gates to report directly to Congress, bypassing Washington. This support culminated in Gates replacing Philip Schuyler as commander of the Northern Department in 1777, further fueling tension within the Continental Army. Despite this, Lovell maintained close correspondence with both John and Abigail Adams, often writing in a flirtatious tone to Abigail, whom he addressed by her pseudonym, Portia.
After leaving Congress, Lovell returned to teaching and held various public offices. He served as collector of taxes in Massachusetts from 1784 to 1788 and was appointed Customs Officer of Boston in 1778 and 1789. In 1789, he became the naval officer for the port of Boston and Charlestown, a position he held until his death. Lovell passed away on July 14, 1814, in Windham, Maine (then part of Massachusetts). His burial location is unknown.
Lovell’s family also contributed significantly to American history. His son, James Lovell Jr. (1758–1850), served in the Continental Army, fought at the Battle of Monmouth, and participated in the Southern campaigns under Light Horse Harry Lee. Lovell’s grandson, Joseph Lovell, became the first Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, serving from 1818 to 1836.
James Lovell’s life embodied dedication to education, public service, and the American Revolution. Despite controversies, his contributions to Congress, diplomacy, and the formation of the United States were substantial and enduring.
The Revolution created a rift between father and son. While John Lovell remained a Loyalist, James became a fervent Whig, advocating for American independence. In 1771, he delivered a powerful oration on the Boston Massacre at the Old South Church. His patriot leanings led to his arrest by British authorities after the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. He was imprisoned in the Boston Stone Jail for nine months before being transported to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he remained a prisoner for another nine months. He was finally exchanged for Colonel Philip Skene in November 1776.
Upon his return to Boston, Lovell was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served from 1777 to 1782. During his tenure, he became a vital member of the Committee of Foreign Correspondence and the Committee of Secret Correspondence. In this role, he developed complex cipher systems to secure diplomatic communications. However, these ciphers were notoriously difficult to decipher, prompting frustration from figures like John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. Lovell also signed the Articles of Confederation on July 9, 1778, representing Massachusetts.
Lovell’s political career was marked by controversy regarding military leadership. He supported General Horatio Gates in his efforts to challenge George Washington's authority. Lovell encouraged Gates to report directly to Congress, bypassing Washington. This support culminated in Gates replacing Philip Schuyler as commander of the Northern Department in 1777, further fueling tension within the Continental Army. Despite this, Lovell maintained close correspondence with both John and Abigail Adams, often writing in a flirtatious tone to Abigail, whom he addressed by her pseudonym, Portia.
After leaving Congress, Lovell returned to teaching and held various public offices. He served as collector of taxes in Massachusetts from 1784 to 1788 and was appointed Customs Officer of Boston in 1778 and 1789. In 1789, he became the naval officer for the port of Boston and Charlestown, a position he held until his death. Lovell passed away on July 14, 1814, in Windham, Maine (then part of Massachusetts). His burial location is unknown.
Lovell’s family also contributed significantly to American history. His son, James Lovell Jr. (1758–1850), served in the Continental Army, fought at the Battle of Monmouth, and participated in the Southern campaigns under Light Horse Harry Lee. Lovell’s grandson, Joseph Lovell, became the first Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, serving from 1818 to 1836.
James Lovell’s life embodied dedication to education, public service, and the American Revolution. Despite controversies, his contributions to Congress, diplomacy, and the formation of the United States were substantial and enduring.
Henry Marchant
Apr 9, 1741 – Aug 30, 1796
Home:
Newport, RI
Education:
Law Apprenticeship
Profession:
Lawyer, Judge, and Politician
Info:
Henry Marchant, a Founding Father and dedicated public servant, was born on April 9, 1741, on Martha's Vineyard in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He played a pivotal role in shaping the early United States through his work as Rhode Island's attorney general, a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, a signer of the Articles of Confederation, and as the first United States district judge for the District of Rhode Island.
Marchant's early education culminated in an Artium Magister degree from the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1762. After completing his legal studies and reading law by 1766, he began his private law practice in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1767. He quickly gained prominence and served as Rhode Island's attorney general from 1771 to 1777.
During the American Revolution, Marchant was deeply involved in the Patriot cause. From 1777 to 1779, he represented Rhode Island as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. In this capacity, he signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778, contributing to the establishment of the nation's first governing framework. After his service in Congress, Marchant returned to private practice in South Kingstown from 1780 to 1784, balancing his legal career with farming.
In addition to his legal and political endeavors, Marchant was an active member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1784 to 1790. He also participated in the state convention to ratify the United States Constitution, a crucial step that led to Rhode Island’s eventual adoption of the Constitution in 1790.
President George Washington appointed Marchant to the newly created position of United States district judge for the District of Rhode Island on July 2, 1790. He was confirmed by the United States Senate the following day and received his commission on July 3, 1790. He presided over several notable cases, including West v. Barnes in 1791, the first case appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. This case set significant legal precedents during the formative years of the American judiciary.
Outside his professional life, Marchant was a member of the Second Congregational Church in Newport. He also managed a farm in South Kingstown, known today as the Henry Marchant Farm, which reflects his engagement with agriculture alongside his legal and judicial duties.
Marchant's contributions to the early United States were substantial, reflecting his commitment to the rule of law and the fledgling nation's governance. His career spanned critical moments in American history, from the Revolutionary War to the early years of the Federal Judiciary. He passed away on August 30, 1796, in Newport, Rhode Island, and was laid to rest in the Common Burial Ground in Newport.
Marchant's legacy endures through his role in the nation's founding and his contributions to establishing a strong judicial system. His life exemplified the blend of legal acumen, public service, and civic duty that characterized the era’s revolutionary leadership.
Marchant's early education culminated in an Artium Magister degree from the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1762. After completing his legal studies and reading law by 1766, he began his private law practice in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1767. He quickly gained prominence and served as Rhode Island's attorney general from 1771 to 1777.
During the American Revolution, Marchant was deeply involved in the Patriot cause. From 1777 to 1779, he represented Rhode Island as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. In this capacity, he signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778, contributing to the establishment of the nation's first governing framework. After his service in Congress, Marchant returned to private practice in South Kingstown from 1780 to 1784, balancing his legal career with farming.
In addition to his legal and political endeavors, Marchant was an active member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1784 to 1790. He also participated in the state convention to ratify the United States Constitution, a crucial step that led to Rhode Island’s eventual adoption of the Constitution in 1790.
President George Washington appointed Marchant to the newly created position of United States district judge for the District of Rhode Island on July 2, 1790. He was confirmed by the United States Senate the following day and received his commission on July 3, 1790. He presided over several notable cases, including West v. Barnes in 1791, the first case appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. This case set significant legal precedents during the formative years of the American judiciary.
Outside his professional life, Marchant was a member of the Second Congregational Church in Newport. He also managed a farm in South Kingstown, known today as the Henry Marchant Farm, which reflects his engagement with agriculture alongside his legal and judicial duties.
Marchant's contributions to the early United States were substantial, reflecting his commitment to the rule of law and the fledgling nation's governance. His career spanned critical moments in American history, from the Revolutionary War to the early years of the Federal Judiciary. He passed away on August 30, 1796, in Newport, Rhode Island, and was laid to rest in the Common Burial Ground in Newport.
Marchant's legacy endures through his role in the nation's founding and his contributions to establishing a strong judicial system. His life exemplified the blend of legal acumen, public service, and civic duty that characterized the era’s revolutionary leadership.
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Henry Marchant
Henry Marchant 2024
John Mathews
1744 – Nov 17, 1802
Home:
Charleston, SC
Education:
Middle Temple, London
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
John Mathews, a Founding Father of the United States, was a distinguished lawyer, politician, and patriot from Charleston, South Carolina. He played a vital role during the American Revolutionary War, serving in the Continental Congress and endorsing the Articles of Confederation on behalf of South Carolina. He also served as the 33rd governor of South Carolina from 1782 to 1783.
Born in Charleston in 1744 to John Mathews and Sarah Gibbes, Mathews began his career in military service. In the early 1760s, he was commissioned as an ensign in the South Carolina Provincial Regiment, participating in an expedition against the Cherokee. He was later promoted to lieutenant. After his military service, he pursued legal studies at the Middle Temple in London before returning to Charleston to practice law. He served as a law clerk for Colonel Charles Pinckney before being admitted to the bar.
Mathews entered public service in 1772, when he was elected to the colonial Assembly. As tensions with Britain escalated, he became actively involved in revolutionary governance, serving in both the First and Second South Carolina Provincial Congresses in 1775 and 1776. In 1776, he was appointed an associate judge of the state circuit court. Concurrently, he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1776 to 1780, and was elected Speaker of the House in 1777 and 1778.
During the Revolutionary War, Mathews demonstrated his commitment to the cause by serving as a captain in the Colleton County Regiment. He continued to balance his military duties with political responsibilities, and in 1778, he was chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress. During his time in Congress, he endorsed the Articles of Confederation in 1781, contributing to the establishment of the United States' first governing framework.
In 1782, upon his return to South Carolina, Mathews was elected Governor by the state legislature. His tenure as governor was marked by the challenges of the war’s aftermath, including the rebuilding of the state and managing the British evacuation of Charleston. He served until 1783, focusing on restoring order and supporting recovery efforts.
After his governorship, Mathews continued his legal and judicial career. In 1784, he was elected as a judge of the South Carolina Court of Chancery and also returned briefly to the South Carolina House of Representatives. In 1791, he was appointed as a judge of the state Court of Equity, where he served until his death.
Mathews was a founding trustee of the College of Charleston, reflecting his commitment to education and civic development. His personal life included two marriages. In 1766, he married Mary Wragg. After her death, he married Sarah Rutledge in 1799, the sister of Founding Fathers John Rutledge and Edward Rutledge. His sister, Elizabeth Mathews, married fellow Founding Father Thomas Heyward Jr.
John Mathews died in Charleston on November 17, 1802, and was buried in the Circular Congregational Church Burying Ground. His legacy endures through his contributions to South Carolina's revolutionary government, the early American legal system, and his steadfast support for the nation’s independence.
Born in Charleston in 1744 to John Mathews and Sarah Gibbes, Mathews began his career in military service. In the early 1760s, he was commissioned as an ensign in the South Carolina Provincial Regiment, participating in an expedition against the Cherokee. He was later promoted to lieutenant. After his military service, he pursued legal studies at the Middle Temple in London before returning to Charleston to practice law. He served as a law clerk for Colonel Charles Pinckney before being admitted to the bar.
Mathews entered public service in 1772, when he was elected to the colonial Assembly. As tensions with Britain escalated, he became actively involved in revolutionary governance, serving in both the First and Second South Carolina Provincial Congresses in 1775 and 1776. In 1776, he was appointed an associate judge of the state circuit court. Concurrently, he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1776 to 1780, and was elected Speaker of the House in 1777 and 1778.
During the Revolutionary War, Mathews demonstrated his commitment to the cause by serving as a captain in the Colleton County Regiment. He continued to balance his military duties with political responsibilities, and in 1778, he was chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress. During his time in Congress, he endorsed the Articles of Confederation in 1781, contributing to the establishment of the United States' first governing framework.
In 1782, upon his return to South Carolina, Mathews was elected Governor by the state legislature. His tenure as governor was marked by the challenges of the war’s aftermath, including the rebuilding of the state and managing the British evacuation of Charleston. He served until 1783, focusing on restoring order and supporting recovery efforts.
After his governorship, Mathews continued his legal and judicial career. In 1784, he was elected as a judge of the South Carolina Court of Chancery and also returned briefly to the South Carolina House of Representatives. In 1791, he was appointed as a judge of the state Court of Equity, where he served until his death.
Mathews was a founding trustee of the College of Charleston, reflecting his commitment to education and civic development. His personal life included two marriages. In 1766, he married Mary Wragg. After her death, he married Sarah Rutledge in 1799, the sister of Founding Fathers John Rutledge and Edward Rutledge. His sister, Elizabeth Mathews, married fellow Founding Father Thomas Heyward Jr.
John Mathews died in Charleston on November 17, 1802, and was buried in the Circular Congregational Church Burying Ground. His legacy endures through his contributions to South Carolina's revolutionary government, the early American legal system, and his steadfast support for the nation’s independence.
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John Mathews
Thomas McKean
Mar 19, 1734 – Jun 24, 1817
Home:
Philadelphia, PA
Education:
Law Apprenticeship
Profession:
Lawyer, Judge, Politician
Info:
Thomas McKean was a prominent Founding Father, lawyer, and politician who played a crucial role in the American Revolution and the early years of the United States. Born in New London Township, Pennsylvania on March 19, 1734, he became known for his steadfast support for independence and his extensive service in various governmental roles.
McKean's education began under Reverend Francis Alison in New Castle, Delaware. He later studied law under his uncle, John Finney, and was admitted to the bar in 1754. In 1755, he began his legal practice in Delaware. His political career took off in 1762 when he was elected to the Delaware General Assembly, where he served until 1776. During this period, McKean also held positions such as Deputy Attorney General for Sussex County and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
A vocal advocate for colonial rights, McKean attended the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, where he proposed the principle of “one colony, one vote” that influenced future Congressional proceedings. As a member of the Country Party, he aligned with fellow revolutionary Caesar Rodney in advocating for independence, often opposing the more conservative George Read.
McKean served as a delegate to both the First Continental Congress (1774) and the Second Continental Congress (1775-1776). On July 2, 1776, he voted for independence, urging Rodney to return to break Delaware’s deadlock. Though absent on August 2, he signed the Declaration of Independence later, possibly in 1781. He also signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781 and played a role in drafting them.
During the Revolutionary War, McKean commanded the Fourth Battalion of Pennsylvania Associators, a militia unit under General George Washington. His leadership extended to drafting Delaware’s first state constitution in 1776 and briefly serving as President of Delaware from September to October 1777.
In 1777, McKean became Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, a role he held until 1799. His tenure was significant for establishing judicial independence, asserting the right to strike down unconstitutional legislation years before the concept of judicial review was nationally recognized. He also supported penal reform but was slow to acknowledge expanded legal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.
McKean’s influence continued as he served as President of the Continental Congress from July to November 1781, presiding during the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. He also participated in Pennsylvania's ratification of the U.S. Constitution and contributed to the state's 1789-1790 constitutional convention.
In 1799, McKean was elected Governor of Pennsylvania as a Democratic-Republican. His three-term governorship (1799-1808) was marked by his initial support for Jeffersonian policies and his later conflict with party factions, leading him to align with Federalists during his third term. He expanded public education and led the state's defense preparations during the War of 1812.
McKean retired in 1812, spending his final years in Philadelphia. He died on June 24, 1817, and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. His legacy endures in places named after him, including McKean County, Pennsylvania, and Thomas McKean High School in Delaware. Known for his fiery temperament and vigorous personality, McKean's contributions were pivotal in shaping the early United States.
McKean's education began under Reverend Francis Alison in New Castle, Delaware. He later studied law under his uncle, John Finney, and was admitted to the bar in 1754. In 1755, he began his legal practice in Delaware. His political career took off in 1762 when he was elected to the Delaware General Assembly, where he served until 1776. During this period, McKean also held positions such as Deputy Attorney General for Sussex County and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
A vocal advocate for colonial rights, McKean attended the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, where he proposed the principle of “one colony, one vote” that influenced future Congressional proceedings. As a member of the Country Party, he aligned with fellow revolutionary Caesar Rodney in advocating for independence, often opposing the more conservative George Read.
McKean served as a delegate to both the First Continental Congress (1774) and the Second Continental Congress (1775-1776). On July 2, 1776, he voted for independence, urging Rodney to return to break Delaware’s deadlock. Though absent on August 2, he signed the Declaration of Independence later, possibly in 1781. He also signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781 and played a role in drafting them.
During the Revolutionary War, McKean commanded the Fourth Battalion of Pennsylvania Associators, a militia unit under General George Washington. His leadership extended to drafting Delaware’s first state constitution in 1776 and briefly serving as President of Delaware from September to October 1777.
In 1777, McKean became Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, a role he held until 1799. His tenure was significant for establishing judicial independence, asserting the right to strike down unconstitutional legislation years before the concept of judicial review was nationally recognized. He also supported penal reform but was slow to acknowledge expanded legal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.
McKean’s influence continued as he served as President of the Continental Congress from July to November 1781, presiding during the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. He also participated in Pennsylvania's ratification of the U.S. Constitution and contributed to the state's 1789-1790 constitutional convention.
In 1799, McKean was elected Governor of Pennsylvania as a Democratic-Republican. His three-term governorship (1799-1808) was marked by his initial support for Jeffersonian policies and his later conflict with party factions, leading him to align with Federalists during his third term. He expanded public education and led the state's defense preparations during the War of 1812.
McKean retired in 1812, spending his final years in Philadelphia. He died on June 24, 1817, and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. His legacy endures in places named after him, including McKean County, Pennsylvania, and Thomas McKean High School in Delaware. Known for his fiery temperament and vigorous personality, McKean's contributions were pivotal in shaping the early United States.
Thomas McKean by Charles Willson Peale
Thomas McKean 2021
Thomas McKean 2021
Gouverneur Morris
Jan 31, 1752 – Nov 6, 1816
Home:
Bronx, NY
Education:
King's College (now Columbia University)
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
Gouverneur Morris was an American Founding Father, diplomat, and statesman who played a significant role in shaping the United States Constitution and early American government. Born on January 31, 1752, at Morrisania in present-day Bronx, New York, he came from a prominent family; his half-brother Lewis Morris signed the Declaration of Independence. Educated at King’s College (now Columbia University), he graduated at 16 and earned a master’s degree in 1771 before studying law under Judge William Smith.
Morris began his political career in 1775 when he was elected to the New York Provincial Congress. His support for independence strained relationships with his Loyalist family members. He later served in the New York State Assembly and was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1778, where he signed the Articles of Confederation. His tenure included advocating reforms for the Continental Army, especially after witnessing the dire conditions at Valley Forge.
Defeated for re-election due to his advocacy for a strong central government, Morris moved to Philadelphia, where he worked as a lawyer and assistant superintendent of finance under Robert Morris. In 1787, he represented Pennsylvania at the Constitutional Convention. Morris served on the Committee of Style and Arrangement, tasked with drafting the final version of the U.S. Constitution. He is credited with writing the Preamble and was nicknamed the “Penman of the Constitution.” Notably, he proposed changing the opening phrase to "We, the People of the United States," reinforcing a unified national identity.
Morris was a vocal opponent of slavery at the Convention, condemning it as a “nefarious institution” and arguing against counting enslaved individuals for representation. His speeches were some of the most fervent defenses of human rights during the Convention.
After the Constitution's ratification, Morris served as Minister Plenipotentiary to France from 1792 to 1794. His tenure coincided with the French Revolution, which he criticized, especially the execution of Marie Antoinette. His diaries provide valuable insights into the Revolution’s chaos. He returned to the U.S. in 1798 and was elected as a Federalist to the U.S. Senate in 1800, serving until 1803.
Following his Senate career, Morris became the Chairman of the Erie Canal Commission (1810–1813), advocating for the construction of the Erie Canal, which later transformed New York’s economy. He also contributed to urban planning as part of the team that designed Manhattan’s street grid in 1811.
In 1809, at age 57, Morris married Ann Cary Randolph, a woman with a scandalous past, but their marriage was reportedly happy. They had one son, Gouverneur Morris Jr., who became a railroad executive.
Morris died on November 6, 1816, due to complications from a self-inflicted injury while attempting to relieve a urinary blockage. He was buried at St. Ann's Church in the Bronx. Known for his sharp intellect, wit, and commitment to a strong federal government, Morris left a legacy as one of the most influential voices in America’s founding era. His contributions to the Constitution, his opposition to slavery, and his forward-thinking vision for the nation cement his place in American history.
Morris began his political career in 1775 when he was elected to the New York Provincial Congress. His support for independence strained relationships with his Loyalist family members. He later served in the New York State Assembly and was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1778, where he signed the Articles of Confederation. His tenure included advocating reforms for the Continental Army, especially after witnessing the dire conditions at Valley Forge.
Defeated for re-election due to his advocacy for a strong central government, Morris moved to Philadelphia, where he worked as a lawyer and assistant superintendent of finance under Robert Morris. In 1787, he represented Pennsylvania at the Constitutional Convention. Morris served on the Committee of Style and Arrangement, tasked with drafting the final version of the U.S. Constitution. He is credited with writing the Preamble and was nicknamed the “Penman of the Constitution.” Notably, he proposed changing the opening phrase to "We, the People of the United States," reinforcing a unified national identity.
Morris was a vocal opponent of slavery at the Convention, condemning it as a “nefarious institution” and arguing against counting enslaved individuals for representation. His speeches were some of the most fervent defenses of human rights during the Convention.
After the Constitution's ratification, Morris served as Minister Plenipotentiary to France from 1792 to 1794. His tenure coincided with the French Revolution, which he criticized, especially the execution of Marie Antoinette. His diaries provide valuable insights into the Revolution’s chaos. He returned to the U.S. in 1798 and was elected as a Federalist to the U.S. Senate in 1800, serving until 1803.
Following his Senate career, Morris became the Chairman of the Erie Canal Commission (1810–1813), advocating for the construction of the Erie Canal, which later transformed New York’s economy. He also contributed to urban planning as part of the team that designed Manhattan’s street grid in 1811.
In 1809, at age 57, Morris married Ann Cary Randolph, a woman with a scandalous past, but their marriage was reportedly happy. They had one son, Gouverneur Morris Jr., who became a railroad executive.
Morris died on November 6, 1816, due to complications from a self-inflicted injury while attempting to relieve a urinary blockage. He was buried at St. Ann's Church in the Bronx. Known for his sharp intellect, wit, and commitment to a strong federal government, Morris left a legacy as one of the most influential voices in America’s founding era. His contributions to the Constitution, his opposition to slavery, and his forward-thinking vision for the nation cement his place in American history.
Gouverneur Morris
Robert Morris
Jan 20, 1734 – May 8, 1806
Home:
Philadelphia, PA
Education:
Merchant Apprenticeship
Profession:
Merchant, Financier
Info:
Robert Morris Jr. was an English-born American merchant, investor, and Founding Father who played a critical role in securing the financial stability of the United States during and after the American Revolutionary War. Known as the "Financier of the Revolution," Morris was one of only two individuals, alongside Roger Sherman, to sign the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution.
Born in Liverpool, England, Morris was brought to Maryland by his father at the age of 13. After his father’s death, he moved to Philadelphia and became an apprentice at Charles Willing’s shipping firm. By 1757, he was a partner in Willing, Morris & Company, a successful trading firm that made Morris one of the wealthiest men in America by 1775. His business ventures spanned trade with Europe, the West Indies, and Asia, including involvement in the slave trade, which he later abandoned.
Morris opposed British taxation policies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, and emerged as a leader in the resistance against British rule. In 1775, he was elected to the Second Continental Congress, where he served on key committees, including the Secret Committee of Trade, the Committee of Correspondence, and the Marine Committee. Although initially cautious about independence, he signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, demonstrating his commitment to the revolutionary cause.
As Superintendent of Finance (1781–1784), Morris took charge of the nation’s precarious finances. He stabilized the economy by implementing reforms, securing loans from foreign allies, and personally funding parts of the war effort. He established the Bank of North America in 1781, the first national bank in the United States, which helped provide credit and a stable currency. His financial acumen enabled General George Washington to achieve victory at the Battle of Yorktown by securing essential supplies for the Continental Army.
Morris’s efforts to strengthen the national government led him to support the movement to replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger federal constitution. He served as a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and was instrumental in ensuring Pennsylvania’s ratification of the new U.S. Constitution. Though offered the position of the nation’s first Secretary of the Treasury by President Washington, Morris recommended Alexander Hamilton for the role.
In 1789, Morris was elected as one of Pennsylvania’s first U.S. Senators. As a Federalist, he supported Hamilton’s economic policies, including the establishment of a national bank and the federal assumption of state debts. During his Senate tenure, he played a key role in the Compromise of 1790, which determined the location of the national capital and the federal assumption of state debts.
Morris’s later years were marked by financial ruin. His extensive land speculations, coupled with the Panic of 1796–1797, left him unable to pay his debts. He was imprisoned for debt in 1798 and spent over three years in Prune Street Debtors’ Prison in Philadelphia. After his release in 1801 under the Bankruptcy Act of 1800, he lived a modest life until his death on May 8, 1806.
Despite his financial downfall, Robert Morris’s contributions to the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States’ financial system were profound. He is remembered as a pivotal figure who provided the financial backbone for American independence. Numerous places, including Morrisville, Pennsylvania, and institutions like Robert Morris University, honor his legacy.
Born in Liverpool, England, Morris was brought to Maryland by his father at the age of 13. After his father’s death, he moved to Philadelphia and became an apprentice at Charles Willing’s shipping firm. By 1757, he was a partner in Willing, Morris & Company, a successful trading firm that made Morris one of the wealthiest men in America by 1775. His business ventures spanned trade with Europe, the West Indies, and Asia, including involvement in the slave trade, which he later abandoned.
Morris opposed British taxation policies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, and emerged as a leader in the resistance against British rule. In 1775, he was elected to the Second Continental Congress, where he served on key committees, including the Secret Committee of Trade, the Committee of Correspondence, and the Marine Committee. Although initially cautious about independence, he signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, demonstrating his commitment to the revolutionary cause.
As Superintendent of Finance (1781–1784), Morris took charge of the nation’s precarious finances. He stabilized the economy by implementing reforms, securing loans from foreign allies, and personally funding parts of the war effort. He established the Bank of North America in 1781, the first national bank in the United States, which helped provide credit and a stable currency. His financial acumen enabled General George Washington to achieve victory at the Battle of Yorktown by securing essential supplies for the Continental Army.
Morris’s efforts to strengthen the national government led him to support the movement to replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger federal constitution. He served as a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and was instrumental in ensuring Pennsylvania’s ratification of the new U.S. Constitution. Though offered the position of the nation’s first Secretary of the Treasury by President Washington, Morris recommended Alexander Hamilton for the role.
In 1789, Morris was elected as one of Pennsylvania’s first U.S. Senators. As a Federalist, he supported Hamilton’s economic policies, including the establishment of a national bank and the federal assumption of state debts. During his Senate tenure, he played a key role in the Compromise of 1790, which determined the location of the national capital and the federal assumption of state debts.
Morris’s later years were marked by financial ruin. His extensive land speculations, coupled with the Panic of 1796–1797, left him unable to pay his debts. He was imprisoned for debt in 1798 and spent over three years in Prune Street Debtors’ Prison in Philadelphia. After his release in 1801 under the Bankruptcy Act of 1800, he lived a modest life until his death on May 8, 1806.
Despite his financial downfall, Robert Morris’s contributions to the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States’ financial system were profound. He is remembered as a pivotal figure who provided the financial backbone for American independence. Numerous places, including Morrisville, Pennsylvania, and institutions like Robert Morris University, honor his legacy.
Robert Morris
Robert Morris 2021
Robert Morris 2021
John Penn
May 6, 1741 – Sep 14, 1788
Home:
Granville County, NC
Education:
Self-educated
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
John Penn was a Founding Father of the United States who represented North Carolina in the Continental Congress and signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Born near Port Royal, Virginia, Penn’s contributions to the American Revolution were instrumental despite his modest upbringing and limited formal education.
The son of Moses Penn and Catherine Taylor Penn, John Penn attended only two years of formal schooling. However, after his father’s death, Penn studied law privately under the guidance of his influential uncle, Edmund Pendleton, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was admitted to the bar in 1762 and began practicing law in Virginia. In 1763, he married Susannah Lyne, with whom he had three children. Their daughter, Lucy, later married John Taylor of Caroline, a prominent Virginia political leader.
In 1774, Penn relocated to Granville County (now Stovall), North Carolina, where he quickly established himself as a respected lawyer. His legal acumen and dedication to public service led to his election to North Carolina’s Third Provincial Congress in 1775. Later that year, Penn was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served with distinction. He was re-elected in 1777, 1778, and 1779, becoming a steadfast representative for North Carolina.
Penn played a pivotal role in the push for independence. On July 2, 1776, he and fellow North Carolina delegate Joseph Hewes voted in favor of independence from Great Britain. Their colleague, William Hooper, was absent from the vote but later joined them in signing the Declaration of Independence on August 2, 1776. In 1778, Penn further demonstrated his commitment to the fledgling nation by signing the Articles of Confederation, which provided a framework for the wartime government.
Penn's contributions to the Revolutionary War extended beyond the Continental Congress. In 1780, Governor Abner Nash appointed him to the North Carolina Board of War, where he became the board's most active and effective member. Penn coordinated the supply of essential war materials to General Nathanael Greene and Francis Marion’s guerrilla forces. His efforts significantly contributed to the American victory, including the pivotal defeat of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781.
In the post-war period, Penn briefly served as North Carolina's receiver of taxes for the Confederation government, appointed by Robert Morris in 1783. However, he resigned shortly thereafter, citing insufficient authority to perform the role effectively. He then returned to his law practice, continuing to serve his community until his death on September 14, 1788.
Penn's legacy, while often overshadowed by other Founding Fathers, reflects his dedication to liberty and the Revolutionary cause. The USS John Penn, a World War II attack-transport ship, was named in his honor, and a historical marker was erected near his home in Stovall, North Carolina, in 1936. Despite his critical role in securing American independence, his contributions remain underappreciated in popular history.
The son of Moses Penn and Catherine Taylor Penn, John Penn attended only two years of formal schooling. However, after his father’s death, Penn studied law privately under the guidance of his influential uncle, Edmund Pendleton, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was admitted to the bar in 1762 and began practicing law in Virginia. In 1763, he married Susannah Lyne, with whom he had three children. Their daughter, Lucy, later married John Taylor of Caroline, a prominent Virginia political leader.
In 1774, Penn relocated to Granville County (now Stovall), North Carolina, where he quickly established himself as a respected lawyer. His legal acumen and dedication to public service led to his election to North Carolina’s Third Provincial Congress in 1775. Later that year, Penn was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served with distinction. He was re-elected in 1777, 1778, and 1779, becoming a steadfast representative for North Carolina.
Penn played a pivotal role in the push for independence. On July 2, 1776, he and fellow North Carolina delegate Joseph Hewes voted in favor of independence from Great Britain. Their colleague, William Hooper, was absent from the vote but later joined them in signing the Declaration of Independence on August 2, 1776. In 1778, Penn further demonstrated his commitment to the fledgling nation by signing the Articles of Confederation, which provided a framework for the wartime government.
Penn's contributions to the Revolutionary War extended beyond the Continental Congress. In 1780, Governor Abner Nash appointed him to the North Carolina Board of War, where he became the board's most active and effective member. Penn coordinated the supply of essential war materials to General Nathanael Greene and Francis Marion’s guerrilla forces. His efforts significantly contributed to the American victory, including the pivotal defeat of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781.
In the post-war period, Penn briefly served as North Carolina's receiver of taxes for the Confederation government, appointed by Robert Morris in 1783. However, he resigned shortly thereafter, citing insufficient authority to perform the role effectively. He then returned to his law practice, continuing to serve his community until his death on September 14, 1788.
Penn's legacy, while often overshadowed by other Founding Fathers, reflects his dedication to liberty and the Revolutionary cause. The USS John Penn, a World War II attack-transport ship, was named in his honor, and a historical marker was erected near his home in Stovall, North Carolina, in 1936. Despite his critical role in securing American independence, his contributions remain underappreciated in popular history.
John Penn
John Penn 2019
John Penn 2019
John Penn 2019
Joseph Reed
Aug 27, 1741 – Mar 5, 1785
Home:
Philadelphia, PA
Education:
College of New Jersey (now Princeton University)
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician, Military Officer
Info:
Joseph Reed was a prominent lawyer, military officer, and politician in Pennsylvania. He served as President of Pennsylvania (equivalent to Governor) and was an influential figure during the Revolutionary War.
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Daniel Roberdeau
Dec 29, 1727 – Jan 5, 1795
Home:
Philadelphia, PA
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Merchant, Military Officer, Politician
Info:
Daniel Roberdeau was a merchant and politician who served in the Continental Congress and played a key role in the defense of the frontier during the Revolutionary War.
Nathaniel Scudder
May 10, 1733 – Oct 17, 1781
Home:
Freehold, NJ
Education:
Princeton University
Profession:
Physician, Military Officer, Politician
Info:
Nathaniel Scudder was a physician and politician who served in the Continental Congress. He was also a colonel in the New Jersey militia and was killed in action during the Revolutionary War.
Roger Sherman
Apr 19, 1721 – Jul 23, 1793
Home:
New Haven, CT
Education:
Self-educated
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
Roger Sherman was a Founding Father who signed all four of the major American Revolutionary documents: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confeder
Jonathan Bayard Smith
Feb 21, 1742 – Jun 16, 1812
Home:
Philadelphia, PA
Education:
College of New Jersey (Princeton University)
Profession:
Merchant, Politician
Info:
Jonathan Bayard Smith was a Philadelphia merchant and politician who served in the Continental Congress and was actively involved in Pennsylvania's politics.
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Edward Telfair
1735 – Sep 17, 1807
Home:
Savannah, GA
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Merchant, Politician
Info:
Edward Telfair was a Scottish-born American merchant and politician who served as the Governor of Georgia and played a key role in the state's early governance.
Nicholas Van Dyke
Sep 25, 1738 – Feb 19, 1789
Home:
New Castle, DE
Education:
Law Apprenticeship
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
Nicholas Van Dyke was a prominent Delaware lawyer and politician who served in the Continental Congress and later as the President of Delaware.
John Walton
1738 – Nov 15, 1783
Home:
Augusta, GA
Education:
Unknown
Profession:
Planter, Politician
Info:
John Walton was a Georgia planter and politician who served in the Continental Congress and was involved in the early state politics of Georgia.
John Wentworth, Jr.
Jul 30, 1745 – Jan 10, 1787
Home:
Portsmouth, NH
Education:
Harvard College
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
John Wentworth, Jr. was a lawyer and politician from New Hampshire who played an important role in the state's politics and served in the Continental Congress.
John Williams
May 10, 1731 – Oct 10, 1799
Home:
Vance County, NC
Education:
Self-educated
Profession:
Lawyer, Politician
Info:
John Williams was a North Carolina lawyer and politician who played a significant role in the state's early governance and served as a delegate to the Continental Congress.
John Witherspoon
Feb 5, 1723 – Nov 15, 1794
Home:
Princeton, NJ
Education:
University of Edinburgh
Profession:
Clergyman, Educator, Politician
Info:
John Witherspoon was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and a Founding Father who played a key role in shaping early American education as the President of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He was also a strong advocate for independence and served in the Continental Congress.
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Oliver Wolcott
Nov 20, 1726 – Dec 1, 1797
Home:
Litchfield, CT
Education:
Yale College
Profession:
Physician, Military Officer, Politician
Info:
Oliver Wolcott was a prominent Connecticut politician, military officer, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. He served as the Governor of Connecticut and played a significant role in the state's Revolutionary War efforts.
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