It wasn't long after our trip we realized we had visited 1/6th of the US Presidents graves, and we made it a priority to visit Presidential sites (grave sites, homes, birthplaces, libraries etc.) on our future trips. Therefore, in 2007 we planned a trip to New England, and the trip would include seven states, seven capitols and seven US President grave sites. The trip also included two President Libraries, and six President's homes.
In 2016 we intended to make a huge dent in Presidential sites, as result we visited 13 President gravesites, 8 Vice-Presidents gravesites plus 15 States and 12 Capitols. Following our 2019 trip out west, we accomplished our goal of visiting all of the President's Graves (as of May 20, 2019).
We've managed to visit many Presidential and Vice-Presidential sites, but thus far only one person has managed to visit all sixty six Presidential and Vice Presidential grave sites. Kurt Deion has documented his adventures on his website "Kurt's Historic Sites - Grave Hunting and Hands-On History". He was inspired by the C-SPAN Television Program, "Who's Buried in Grants Tomb?", which was a discussion about the book with the editor Brian Lamb and historian Richard Norton Smith. Both of these men have visited all of the Presidential gravesites, and Mr. Lamb has visited all but one of the Vice-Presidential gravesites (Nelson Rockefeller).
Recommended reading on this subject:
1. President Grave Hunter - One Kid's Quest to Visit the Tombs of Every President and Vice President by Kurt Deion, May 9, 2023
2. Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites by Brian Lamb, Feb 9, 2010
We've managed to visit many Presidential and Vice-Presidential sites, but thus far only one person has managed to visit all sixty six Presidential and Vice Presidential grave sites. Kurt Deion has documented his adventures on his website "Kurt's Historic Sites - Grave Hunting and Hands-On History". He was inspired by the C-SPAN Television Program, "Who's Buried in Grants Tomb?", which was a discussion about the book with the editor Brian Lamb and historian Richard Norton Smith. Both of these men have visited all of the Presidential gravesites, and Mr. Lamb has visited all but one of the Vice-Presidential gravesites (Nelson Rockefeller).
Recommended reading on this subject:
1. President Grave Hunter - One Kid's Quest to Visit the Tombs of Every President and Vice President by Kurt Deion, May 9, 2023
2. Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites by Brian Lamb, Feb 9, 2010
No.
Name
Term
Burial Location
Visited
39.
Jimmy Carter
1977-1981
42.
Bill Clinton
1993-2001
43.
George W. Bush
2001-2009
44.
Barack Obama
2009-2017
45.
Donald J. Trump
2017-2021
George Washington
February 22, 1732 - December 14, 1799
Spouse:
Martha Dandridge Custis
Home:
Mount Vernon, Virginia
Term:
April 30, 1789 - March 4, 1797
Vice President:
Political Party:
None
Info:
George Washington was born into a Virginia planter family in 1732. As a young man, he developed interests in military leadership and westward expansion, serving as a surveyor and later a military officer in the French and Indian War. After the war, he managed his estate, Mount Vernon, and served in Virginia's legislature. As tensions rose between the colonies and Britain, Washington became a vocal critic of British policies.
During the Revolutionary War, he was appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. He led his troops through years of hardship, ultimately securing victory with the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. After the war, Washington played a crucial role in establishing the U.S. Constitution and was unanimously elected the first President of the United States.
As president, he navigated foreign policy challenges, avoiding alliances during the French Revolution. Washington retired after his second term, issuing a Farewell Address that warned against political divisions and foreign entanglements. He passed away at Mount Vernon in 1799.
During the Revolutionary War, he was appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. He led his troops through years of hardship, ultimately securing victory with the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. After the war, Washington played a crucial role in establishing the U.S. Constitution and was unanimously elected the first President of the United States.
As president, he navigated foreign policy challenges, avoiding alliances during the French Revolution. Washington retired after his second term, issuing a Farewell Address that warned against political divisions and foreign entanglements. He passed away at Mount Vernon in 1799.
Deven raising the flag at Mount Vernon, and laying a wreath at the tomb of George Washington. The Wreath laying ceremony was arranged prior to our visit to Mount Vernon.
Memorial House
Outline of the foundation of George Washington's birthplace.
Obelisk near George Washington's birthplace vistor center.
John Adams
October 30 [O.S. October 19] 1735 – July 4, 1826
Spouse:
Abigail Smith
Home:
Quincy, Massachusetts
Term:
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
Vice President:
Political Party:
Federalist Party
Info:
John Adams, born in Massachusetts in 1735, was a skilled lawyer and political thinker. He championed American independence as a delegate to the Continental Congress and later served as a diplomat in Europe during the Revolutionary War, helping to secure peace. He became the first Vice President under George Washington, a role he found frustrating.
As the second President of the United States, Adams faced rising tensions with France, including the infamous "XYZ Affair" where French officials demanded bribes. This led to an undeclared naval conflict, which Adams eventually resolved by sending a peace delegation to France. Despite this success, political division within his own party contributed to his defeat in the 1800 election.
Adams retired to his farm in Quincy, where he maintained a notable correspondence with Thomas Jefferson. He died on July 4th, 1826, the same day as Jefferson.
As the second President of the United States, Adams faced rising tensions with France, including the infamous "XYZ Affair" where French officials demanded bribes. This led to an undeclared naval conflict, which Adams eventually resolved by sending a peace delegation to France. Despite this success, political division within his own party contributed to his defeat in the 1800 election.
Adams retired to his farm in Quincy, where he maintained a notable correspondence with Thomas Jefferson. He died on July 4th, 1826, the same day as Jefferson.
The John Adams and John Quincy Adams Birthplaces are the oldest presidential birthplaces in the United States. In 1735, John Adams was born in the "salt box" house located only 75 feet away from the birthplace of his son John Quincy Adams. In the John Quincy Adams Birthplace, young John and his bride Abigail started their family and the future President launched his career in politics and law. John Adams maintained his law office in the house and it was here that he, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin wrote the Massachusetts Constitution. This document, still in use today, greatly influenced development of the United States Constitution. (source: nps.gov)
The Old House at Peace field, built in 1731, became the residence of the Adams family for four generations from 1788 to 1927. It was home to Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams; First Ladies Abigail and Louisa Catherine Adams; Civil War Minister to Great Britain Charles Francis Adams; and literary historians Henry and Brooks Adams. The vast collection of original artifacts inside the Old House greatly assists the park's interpretive staff to relate the Adams family's legacy of service to their nation. Adjacent to the house is the Stone Library, built in 1873, it contains more than 12,000 books that belonged to the Adamses. Following a tour, you may wish to stroll the Old House grounds which include a historic orchard and an 18th-century style formal garden, containing thousands of annual and perennial flowers. (source: nps.gov)
The tomb of John Adams located in the basement of United First Parish Church in Quincy.
Thomas Jefferson
April 13 [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826
Spouse:
Martha Wayles
Home:
Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia
Term:
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democrate-Republican
Info:
Thomas Jefferson, a complex figure of American history, was born in Virginia in 1743. A man of diverse talents, he was a lawyer, architect, philosopher, and skilled writer. Jefferson's most enduring legacy is the Declaration of Independence, where he penned the immortal words proclaiming all men are created equal. His passion for individual liberty and limited government shaped his political career.
Jefferson's time as a diplomat in France solidified his ideals. He supported the early stages of the French Revolution and, upon returning to America, became Secretary of State under George Washington. His clashes with Alexander Hamilton over the strength of the federal government led to the formation of the Democratic-Republican party, with Jefferson as its leader. In the contentious election of 1800, Jefferson became the third President of the United States.
As president, Jefferson faced numerous challenges. He reduced spending and the national debt, confronted the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean, and made the momentous decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory. Although this vast acquisition doubled the size of the United States, it went against Jefferson's strict interpretation of the Constitution. After retiring from the presidency, he dedicated himself to founding the University of Virginia, embodying his belief in the power of education.
Jefferson's time as a diplomat in France solidified his ideals. He supported the early stages of the French Revolution and, upon returning to America, became Secretary of State under George Washington. His clashes with Alexander Hamilton over the strength of the federal government led to the formation of the Democratic-Republican party, with Jefferson as its leader. In the contentious election of 1800, Jefferson became the third President of the United States.
As president, Jefferson faced numerous challenges. He reduced spending and the national debt, confronted the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean, and made the momentous decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory. Although this vast acquisition doubled the size of the United States, it went against Jefferson's strict interpretation of the Constitution. After retiring from the presidency, he dedicated himself to founding the University of Virginia, embodying his belief in the power of education.
Monticello
James Madison
March 16 [O.S. March 5], 1751 – June 28, 1836
Spouse:
Dolley Payne Todd
Home:
Montpelier, Orange, Virginia
Term:
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic-Republican
Info:
James Madison, despite lacking in charisma, became the fourth president of the United States in 1809. His wife, Dolley, was a beloved figure in Washington, her charm compensating for his reserved nature. Madison's political career was deeply influential. A scholar of history and government, he played a crucial role in drafting the Virginia Constitution, serving in the Continental Congress, and leading in the Virginia Assembly. His contributions to the Constitutional Convention and the authorship of the Federalist Papers were vital in securing the ratification of the Constitution.
Madison's presidency came at a time of international turmoil. He vigorously protested France and Britain's seizure of American ships during their war. Despite facing criticism and economic difficulties stemming from the Embargo Act of 1807, Madison maintained his belief in defending neutral rights on the high seas. His leadership ultimately led to the War of 1812, a conflict that, despite early setbacks, resulted in an upsurge of American nationalism and increased national unity.
After his presidency, Madison retired to his estate, Montpelier. Remaining a steadfast believer in federalism, he spoke out against the growing states' rights movements that threatened the Union. In a final message, revealed after his death in 1836, Madison implored the nation to cherish and preserve the bonds of the United States.
Madison's presidency came at a time of international turmoil. He vigorously protested France and Britain's seizure of American ships during their war. Despite facing criticism and economic difficulties stemming from the Embargo Act of 1807, Madison maintained his belief in defending neutral rights on the high seas. His leadership ultimately led to the War of 1812, a conflict that, despite early setbacks, resulted in an upsurge of American nationalism and increased national unity.
After his presidency, Madison retired to his estate, Montpelier. Remaining a steadfast believer in federalism, he spoke out against the growing states' rights movements that threatened the Union. In a final message, revealed after his death in 1836, Madison implored the nation to cherish and preserve the bonds of the United States.
Montpelier - Montpelier Station, Virginia
James Madison
Dolly and James Madison's Headstones
Dolly Madison
James Monroe
April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831
Spouse:
Elizabeth Kortright
Home:
Ash-Highland, Charlottesville, Virginia
Term:
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democrate-Republican
Info:
James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, was admired for his honesty and dignified manner. Born in Virginia in 1758, he served his country as a soldier in the Continental Army, a lawyer, and a diplomat. His political views aligned with Thomas Jefferson, and with the backing of President Madison, he was elected president in 1816 and easily re-elected in 1820.
Monroe's presidency began during a time dubbed the "Era of Good Feelings" due to a sense of national unity. He appointed a strong, geographically balanced cabinet. However, underlying the surface of nationalism, sectional tensions emerged. The debate over admitting Missouri as a slave state sparked a crisis, ultimately resolved by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and established a line above which slavery was prohibited in the western territories.
In the realm of foreign affairs, Monroe is best known for the Monroe Doctrine. In response to European powers potentially aiding Spain in reclaiming its former colonies in Latin America, Monroe asserted that the Americas were closed to further European colonization. He also warned Russia against expanding its influence southward along the Pacific coast. This stance, crafted with the guidance of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, established a cornerstone of American foreign policy for decades to come.
Monroe's presidency began during a time dubbed the "Era of Good Feelings" due to a sense of national unity. He appointed a strong, geographically balanced cabinet. However, underlying the surface of nationalism, sectional tensions emerged. The debate over admitting Missouri as a slave state sparked a crisis, ultimately resolved by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and established a line above which slavery was prohibited in the western territories.
In the realm of foreign affairs, Monroe is best known for the Monroe Doctrine. In response to European powers potentially aiding Spain in reclaiming its former colonies in Latin America, Monroe asserted that the Americas were closed to further European colonization. He also warned Russia against expanding its influence southward along the Pacific coast. This stance, crafted with the guidance of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, established a cornerstone of American foreign policy for decades to come.
James Monroe in foreground, and John Tyler's gravesite in the rear - Richmond, Virginia
James Monroe's birthplace located in Colonial Beach, VA.
Highland - Ash Lawn owned by Monroe from 1793 - 1825 (visited 2021)
John Quincy Adams
July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848
Spouse:
Louisa Johnson
Home:
Quincy, Massachusetts
Term:
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
Vice President:
Political Party:
Federalist Party, National Republican, Anti-Masonic, Whig
Info:
John Quincy Adams, son of former President John Adams, followed a similar path to the presidency. Born in Massachusetts in 1767, he displayed a keen intellect and diplomatic talent from a young age. He served as a minister to several European countries and later became a U.S. Senator. President James Monroe appointed him Secretary of State, where his achievements included territorial agreements with Britain and Spain, as well as his role in shaping the Monroe Doctrine.
Adams faced a challenging presidential election in 1824. Despite not winning the popular or electoral vote outright, he secured the presidency through the House of Representatives, with support from Henry Clay. His opponents, led by Andrew Jackson, alleged corruption, fueling a bitter rivalry. As president, Adams faced opposition to his ambitious plans for national infrastructure, scientific advancement, and a national university.
The 1828 election was marked by personal attacks against Adams, ultimately resulting in his defeat. However, he continued his public service with unwavering determination. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1830, he became a fierce defender of civil liberties and a leading voice against the "gag rule" suppressing anti-slavery petitions. In 1848, Adams collapsed on the floor of the House and passed away shortly after. His legacy is defined by his intellectual rigor, commitment to his ideals, and his tireless fight for what he believed was right.
Adams faced a challenging presidential election in 1824. Despite not winning the popular or electoral vote outright, he secured the presidency through the House of Representatives, with support from Henry Clay. His opponents, led by Andrew Jackson, alleged corruption, fueling a bitter rivalry. As president, Adams faced opposition to his ambitious plans for national infrastructure, scientific advancement, and a national university.
The 1828 election was marked by personal attacks against Adams, ultimately resulting in his defeat. However, he continued his public service with unwavering determination. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1830, he became a fierce defender of civil liberties and a leading voice against the "gag rule" suppressing anti-slavery petitions. In 1848, Adams collapsed on the floor of the House and passed away shortly after. His legacy is defined by his intellectual rigor, commitment to his ideals, and his tireless fight for what he believed was right.
The tomb of John Quincy Adams located in the basement of United First Parish Church in Quincy. His wife Louisa, and his father and mother (John and Dolly Adams) are interred in the same vault.
Andrew Jackson
March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845
Spouse:
Rachel Donelson
Home:
The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee
Term:
March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic, Democratic-Republican
Info:
Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, rose to power on a wave of populist support and became known as the "common man's president." Born in the Carolinas in 1767 and largely self-educated, he built a successful legal career in Tennessee. Jackson was a fierce patriot and a military hero, gaining national recognition for his victory over the British at New Orleans during the War of 1812.
Jackson revolutionized presidential politics. He advocated for the abolition of the Electoral College and sought to expand democratic participation by introducing the "spoils system," which rotated government positions among his supporters. His power struggles with Congress and his unwavering use of the veto power led to accusations of overstepping his authority; he was even depicted as a tyrannical "King Andrew." These conflicts contributed to the rise of a two-party system: Jackson's Democratic Party, and the opposition Whig Party.
One of Jackson's most significant battles was against the Second Bank of the United States, which he viewed as a bastion of economic privilege that benefited the wealthy. He vetoed its recharter, a move that gained him immense popular support and solidified his image as a defender of the common citizen. However, his presidency was also marked by the Nullification Crisis, where South Carolina challenged federal tariff laws. Jackson's decisive stance against nullification, backed by military force, prevented a potential civil war, though the issue of states' rights would continue to simmer.
Jackson revolutionized presidential politics. He advocated for the abolition of the Electoral College and sought to expand democratic participation by introducing the "spoils system," which rotated government positions among his supporters. His power struggles with Congress and his unwavering use of the veto power led to accusations of overstepping his authority; he was even depicted as a tyrannical "King Andrew." These conflicts contributed to the rise of a two-party system: Jackson's Democratic Party, and the opposition Whig Party.
One of Jackson's most significant battles was against the Second Bank of the United States, which he viewed as a bastion of economic privilege that benefited the wealthy. He vetoed its recharter, a move that gained him immense popular support and solidified his image as a defender of the common citizen. However, his presidency was also marked by the Nullification Crisis, where South Carolina challenged federal tariff laws. Jackson's decisive stance against nullification, backed by military force, prevented a potential civil war, though the issue of states' rights would continue to simmer.
Grave site of Andrew and Rachel Jackson. Located on the grounds of The Hermitage - Nashville, Tennessee
Martin Van Buren
December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862
Spouse:
Hannah Hoes
Home:
Lindenwald, Kinderhook, New York
Term:
March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic-Republican, Democratic, Free Soil
Info:
Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States, was a master of political strategy and a man of humble origins. Born in New York to a tavernkeeper, he rose through the ranks of New York politics, becoming the leader of the "Albany Regency" – a powerful political machine. His loyalty and political skills endeared him to President Andrew Jackson, who appointed him Secretary of State and later leaned on him as a trusted advisor.
After a strategic resignation from his cabinet position, designed to resolve political tensions, Van Buren was rewarded with the appointment as Minister to Great Britain. However, political rivalries thwarted his appointment, making him a political martyr and ultimately paving the way for his election as Vice President under Jackson. He succeeded Jackson as President in 1836.
Van Buren's presidency was immediately challenged by the Panic of 1837, a severe economic depression triggered by a mix of cyclical downturn and the fallout from Jackson's financial policies. Van Buren's response focused on maintaining government solvency and implementing a more hands-off approach to the economy. He opposed a new national bank and federal aid, earning criticism for not taking a more active role in mitigating the crisis. Additionally, his opposition to the expansion of slavery, marked by his rejection of annexing Texas, put him at odds with many at the time. He lost his re-election bid in 1840 and later ran unsuccessfully as a Free Soil candidate.
After a strategic resignation from his cabinet position, designed to resolve political tensions, Van Buren was rewarded with the appointment as Minister to Great Britain. However, political rivalries thwarted his appointment, making him a political martyr and ultimately paving the way for his election as Vice President under Jackson. He succeeded Jackson as President in 1836.
Van Buren's presidency was immediately challenged by the Panic of 1837, a severe economic depression triggered by a mix of cyclical downturn and the fallout from Jackson's financial policies. Van Buren's response focused on maintaining government solvency and implementing a more hands-off approach to the economy. He opposed a new national bank and federal aid, earning criticism for not taking a more active role in mitigating the crisis. Additionally, his opposition to the expansion of slavery, marked by his rejection of annexing Texas, put him at odds with many at the time. He lost his re-election bid in 1840 and later ran unsuccessfully as a Free Soil candidate.
Headstone of Martin Van Buren plus camera strap - Kinderhook, New York - 2007
Marker for Martin Van Buren - 2007
Kinderhook, New York - 2023
Kinderhook, New York - 2023
Kinderhook, New York - 2023
Kinderhook, New York - 2023
Kinderhook, New York - 2023
William Henry Harrison
February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841
Spouse:
Anna Symmes
Home:
North Bend, Ohio (burned in 1860's)
Term:
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic-Republican, Whig
Info:
The 1840 presidential election pitted incumbent Martin Van Buren against William Henry Harrison. Democratic newspapers made a critical error by mocking Harrison as an out-of-touch, simple frontiersman only interested in hard cider and a comfortable life. The Whigs seized on this image, successfully rebranding Harrison as a relatable "log cabin and cider" candidate, a stark contrast to the allegedly aristocratic Van Buren.
Despite this crafted image, Harrison was actually born into Virginia's wealthy planter class. He had a brief stint studying medicine before joining the Army in 1791. He spent many years in the Northwest, aiding General Wayne in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Later, he became Governor of Indiana Territory, where he faced challenges from Native American tribes, most notably the resistance led by Tecumseh and the Prophet. His victory over Tecumseh’s confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and his defeat of British and Indian forces at the Battle of the Thames (1813) during the War of 1812 solidified his military reputation.
After retiring from the military, Harrison was sought out by the Whig Party, who needed a heroic figure to run for president. Though he won the 1840 election, his presidency was tragically short. Despite Webster's efforts to soften the rhetoric, Harrison's lengthy inaugural address took place in cold weather. He promptly fell ill and succumbed to pneumonia a month into his term, becoming the first U.S. president to die in office. His untimely death also marked the demise of the Whig political agenda.
Despite this crafted image, Harrison was actually born into Virginia's wealthy planter class. He had a brief stint studying medicine before joining the Army in 1791. He spent many years in the Northwest, aiding General Wayne in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Later, he became Governor of Indiana Territory, where he faced challenges from Native American tribes, most notably the resistance led by Tecumseh and the Prophet. His victory over Tecumseh’s confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and his defeat of British and Indian forces at the Battle of the Thames (1813) during the War of 1812 solidified his military reputation.
After retiring from the military, Harrison was sought out by the Whig Party, who needed a heroic figure to run for president. Though he won the 1840 election, his presidency was tragically short. Despite Webster's efforts to soften the rhetoric, Harrison's lengthy inaugural address took place in cold weather. He promptly fell ill and succumbed to pneumonia a month into his term, becoming the first U.S. president to die in office. His untimely death also marked the demise of the Whig political agenda.
During Harrison's governorship of the Indiana Territory, Grouseland was the focal point of the social and official life of the territory. As the capital of the Northwest Territory, more territory was governed from Vincennes than any city outside Washington, D.C. Grouseland was home to Harrison until 1812. It remained in the Harrison family until the late 1840s. (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouseland)
Grouseland
Battle of Tippecanoe Monument
located near Lafayette, IN
located near Lafayette, IN
The William Henry Harrison Memorial Tomb located near North Bend, Ohio.
Berkeley Plantation - Birthplace of William Henry Harrison - Charles City, VA.
John Tyler
March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862
Spouse:
Letitia Christian
Julia Gardiner
Julia Gardiner
Home:
Sherwood Forest Plantation, Charles City, Virginia
Term:
April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845
Vice President:
None
Political Party:
Democratic-Republican, Democratic, Whig
Info:
John Tyler, the 10th president of the United States, is historically known as "His Accidency" due to his ascension to the presidency following President Harrison's death. A staunch believer in states' rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution, Tyler began his political career in the House of Representatives, opposing federalist policies. He later served as governor of Virginia and a U.S. Senator, eventually joining the Whig Party in opposition to President Jackson.
Tyler's vice presidency was strategic – the Whigs hoped he would attract Southern voters in the 1840 election. Upon Harrison's untimely death, Tyler asserted his authority as president, setting a precedent for future vice-presidential successions. His independent stance and commitment to states' rights quickly put him at odds with Whig leaders like Henry Clay over issues like the establishment of a National Bank. Tyler's repeated vetoes of Whig legislation led to his expulsion from the party and an attempt to impeach him, emphasizing the deep political divisions of the time.
Despite the political turmoil, Tyler's presidency saw some notable achievements. These included the Log-Cabin Bill, protecting settlers' land rights, the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, settling a border dispute with Canada, and the annexation of Texas. Tyler's actions, while strengthening the presidency, also exacerbated North-South tensions. By the end of his term, he had surrounded himself with pro-Southern conservatives. He later supported the secessionist movement and served in the Confederate House of Representatives until his death in 1862.
Tyler's vice presidency was strategic – the Whigs hoped he would attract Southern voters in the 1840 election. Upon Harrison's untimely death, Tyler asserted his authority as president, setting a precedent for future vice-presidential successions. His independent stance and commitment to states' rights quickly put him at odds with Whig leaders like Henry Clay over issues like the establishment of a National Bank. Tyler's repeated vetoes of Whig legislation led to his expulsion from the party and an attempt to impeach him, emphasizing the deep political divisions of the time.
Despite the political turmoil, Tyler's presidency saw some notable achievements. These included the Log-Cabin Bill, protecting settlers' land rights, the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, settling a border dispute with Canada, and the annexation of Texas. Tyler's actions, while strengthening the presidency, also exacerbated North-South tensions. By the end of his term, he had surrounded himself with pro-Southern conservatives. He later supported the secessionist movement and served in the Confederate House of Representatives until his death in 1862.
John Taylor grave located adjacent to James Madison's gavesite - Richmond, Virginia
Sherwood Forest Plantation, Charles City, Virginia
James Knox Polk
November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849
Spouse:
Sarah Childress
Home:
Polk Place, Nashville, Tennessee (demolished 1900)
Columbia, Tennessee
Columbia, Tennessee
Term:
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
James K. Polk, the 11th President of the United States, was a dedicated and ambitious leader born in North Carolina. His political career began after law school, following in the footsteps of his mentor Andrew Jackson. Polk played a vital role in Jackson's battle against the national bank and eventually rose to become Speaker of the House of Representatives. Though initially aiming for the Vice Presidency, Polk's championing of territorial expansion ("Manifest Destiny") catapulted him to the Democratic presidential nomination in 1844.
Polk's presidency focused on aggressive expansionism. He secured the annexation of Texas, triggering tension with Mexico. He also faced off against Great Britain over the Oregon Territory, initially demanding the whole region but settling for a compromise along the 49th parallel. Despite diplomatic attempts, Polk's desire to acquire California from Mexico ultimately led to the Mexican-American War. After a series of American victories, Mexico was forced to cede California and New Mexico, fulfilling Polk's expansionist goals.
Though Polk greatly increased the size of the United States, his actions fueled an enduring conflict. The question of whether newly acquired territories would permit slavery reignited fierce debates between the North and South. Polk's relentless workload took its toll, and he passed away shortly after leaving office in 1849.
Polk's presidency focused on aggressive expansionism. He secured the annexation of Texas, triggering tension with Mexico. He also faced off against Great Britain over the Oregon Territory, initially demanding the whole region but settling for a compromise along the 49th parallel. Despite diplomatic attempts, Polk's desire to acquire California from Mexico ultimately led to the Mexican-American War. After a series of American victories, Mexico was forced to cede California and New Mexico, fulfilling Polk's expansionist goals.
Though Polk greatly increased the size of the United States, his actions fueled an enduring conflict. The question of whether newly acquired territories would permit slavery reignited fierce debates between the North and South. Polk's relentless workload took its toll, and he passed away shortly after leaving office in 1849.
Burial site located on the Capitol grounds in Nashville, Tennessee - 2018
Burial site located on the Capitol grounds in Nashville, Tennessee - 2018
The only surviving residence of James K. Polk other than the White House, this painted brick structure is one of the best examples of Federal-style architecture in Tennessee. Samuel Polk, a prosperous farmer and surveyor, built the house in 1816 while his oldest son James was attending the University of North Carolina. When the future President graduated in 1818, he returned to Tennessee and stayed here with his parents until his marriage to Sarah Childress in 1824. While living in his family’s Columbia home, James practiced law and began his political career by successfully running for the state legislature. - 2018
Columbia, Tennessee - 2018
Columbia, Tennessee - 2018
Zachary Taylor
November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850
Spouse:
Margaret Smith
Home:
Louisville, Kentucky
Term:
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
Vice President:
Political Party:
Whig
Info:
Zachary Taylor, the 12th president of the United States, faced a nation deeply divided over the expansion of slavery into territories acquired after the Mexican-American War. As a staunch nationalist, Taylor was determined to preserve the Union, even if it meant utilizing military force. Despite being born in Virginia and owning a plantation in Mississippi, Taylor's commitment to the United States overrode any sympathies towards slavery or Southern sectionalism.
Taylor's military career was extensive and distinguished. His dedication to the army for four decades shaped his nationalist views. He spent many years battling Native Americans on the frontier and gained national fame for his victories during the Mexican-American War. Despite these successes, President Polk relegated Taylor to a lesser role due to political differences and concerns about his command style. Despite this setback, his battlefield successes and unassuming persona made him an attractive presidential candidate for the Whig Party.
Taylor's victory in the 1848 presidential election was built on his military reputation and his ambiguous stance regarding slavery. However, as President, he clashed with Congress over the admittance of new states and how to handle slavery in the territories. Southerners were particularly angered by his support for bypassing the territorial phase as California and New Mexico sought statehood, as both were likely to be non-slave states. Despite threats of secession, Taylor stood firm and threatened to personally lead the military to enforce the laws of the Union. However, his presidency was tragically cut short in July 1850, leaving the nation teetering on the brink of civil war.
Taylor's military career was extensive and distinguished. His dedication to the army for four decades shaped his nationalist views. He spent many years battling Native Americans on the frontier and gained national fame for his victories during the Mexican-American War. Despite these successes, President Polk relegated Taylor to a lesser role due to political differences and concerns about his command style. Despite this setback, his battlefield successes and unassuming persona made him an attractive presidential candidate for the Whig Party.
Taylor's victory in the 1848 presidential election was built on his military reputation and his ambiguous stance regarding slavery. However, as President, he clashed with Congress over the admittance of new states and how to handle slavery in the territories. Southerners were particularly angered by his support for bypassing the territorial phase as California and New Mexico sought statehood, as both were likely to be non-slave states. Despite threats of secession, Taylor stood firm and threatened to personally lead the military to enforce the laws of the Union. However, his presidency was tragically cut short in July 1850, leaving the nation teetering on the brink of civil war.
Zachary Taylor home located in Louisville, and a short distance from the cemetery.
Zachary Taylor home located in Louisville, and a short distance from the cemetery.
Zachary Taylor National Cemetery: The 12th President is interred in the mausoleum located to the right of the monument - Louisville, Kentucky (2016 Trip)
Zachary Taylor National Cemetery - 2016
Louisville, Kentucky - 2018
Louisville, Kentucky - 2018
Millard Fillmore
January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874
Spouse:
Abigail Powers
Caroline McIntosh
Caroline McIntosh
Home:
Millard Fillmore House, Aurora, New York
Term:
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
Vice President:
None
Political Party:
Anti-Masonic, Whig, Know Nothing
Info:
Millard Fillmore, the 13th President of the United States, embodied the achievable American dream. Born into a life of hardship on the New York frontier, he gradually rose through hard work, education, and political involvement. He began as a lawyer, later serving in the House of Representatives and eventually as Vice President. Despite lacking charisma or strong personal convictions, his dedication and competence were undeniable.
Fillmore's presidency was unexpectedly thrust upon him after President Taylor's death in 1850. This led to a significant change within the administration, especially regarding the contentious debate over slavery. Fillmore strategically maneuvered national politics by supporting the Compromise of 1850. He applied pressure on Congress and broke down complex legislation into more easily-passed segments, ultimately calming tensions between Northern and Southern states.
While the Compromise of 1850 briefly delayed outright conflict, Fillmore's actions alienated some Northern Whigs due to his signing of the Fugitive Slave Act. This complicated his political future, and though his presidency calmed the crisis initially, the conflict over slavery would re-emerge in the coming years. Fillmore faded from the political forefront after his presidency, aligning with parties that opposed Lincoln during the Civil War.
Fillmore's presidency was unexpectedly thrust upon him after President Taylor's death in 1850. This led to a significant change within the administration, especially regarding the contentious debate over slavery. Fillmore strategically maneuvered national politics by supporting the Compromise of 1850. He applied pressure on Congress and broke down complex legislation into more easily-passed segments, ultimately calming tensions between Northern and Southern states.
While the Compromise of 1850 briefly delayed outright conflict, Fillmore's actions alienated some Northern Whigs due to his signing of the Fugitive Slave Act. This complicated his political future, and though his presidency calmed the crisis initially, the conflict over slavery would re-emerge in the coming years. Fillmore faded from the political forefront after his presidency, aligning with parties that opposed Lincoln during the Civil War.
The Fillmore House, or Millard Fillmore House, was the residence of the 13th President of the United States, Millard Fillmore. Fillmore built this house in 1826, at 24 Shearer Avenue in East Aurora in Erie County, New York. The President lived there only four years during which time his son was born. The house has since had multiple owners and multiple additions built upon it. In addition, it has been moved from its original location no less than two times. Besides the White House, it is the only surviving structure of residence for President Fillmore. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974. (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore_House)
Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, New York - Burial site of the 13th President.
Franklin Pierce
November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869
Spouse:
Jane Appleton
Home:
Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hillsboro, New Hampshire
Term:
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States, took office during a deceptive period of peace. The Compromise of 1850 had seemingly calmed the sectional tensions surrounding slavery. However, his attempts to appease his Southern advisors unintentionally accelerated the nation's descent towards disunion. Despite being from New Hampshire, Pierce's actions ultimately reflected Southern interests.
Pierce had a promising legal and political career, serving in the New Hampshire legislature, the House of Representatives, and the Senate. A 'dark horse' candidate, he unexpectedly won the 1852 presidential election. Sadly, a train accident took the life of his young son just before his inauguration, which cast a shadow of grief over his presidency.
Pierce's early presidency hinted at expansionist ambitions, which angered Northerners who feared the spread of slavery into new territories. His attempts to negotiate with Great Britain and Spain over Central America and Cuba further fueled these suspicions. However, the most damaging action was his support of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed new territories to decide on slavery themselves. This ignited the conflict known as "Bleeding Kansas," a violent precursor to the Civil War. While Pierce ultimately achieved a semblance of peace in Kansas, the damage was done. His actions divided the country and alienated his party, which denied him a second term. He retired to New Hampshire and died in 1869, leaving his successor, James Buchanan, to face the destructive consequences of his policies.
Pierce had a promising legal and political career, serving in the New Hampshire legislature, the House of Representatives, and the Senate. A 'dark horse' candidate, he unexpectedly won the 1852 presidential election. Sadly, a train accident took the life of his young son just before his inauguration, which cast a shadow of grief over his presidency.
Pierce's early presidency hinted at expansionist ambitions, which angered Northerners who feared the spread of slavery into new territories. His attempts to negotiate with Great Britain and Spain over Central America and Cuba further fueled these suspicions. However, the most damaging action was his support of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed new territories to decide on slavery themselves. This ignited the conflict known as "Bleeding Kansas," a violent precursor to the Civil War. While Pierce ultimately achieved a semblance of peace in Kansas, the damage was done. His actions divided the country and alienated his party, which denied him a second term. He retired to New Hampshire and died in 1869, leaving his successor, James Buchanan, to face the destructive consequences of his policies.
Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hillsboro, New Hampshire - 2007
2007
Old North Cemetery, Concord, New Hampshire - Burial site of the 14th President - 2007
James Buchanan
April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868
Spouse:
None
Home:
Wheatland, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Term:
March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States, stands as a figure of historical contrast. A man of impressive stature and formal demeanor, he remains the only bachelor president. Yet, his leadership failed to match the magnitude of the crisis engulfing the nation. Buchanan clung to legal arguments and outdated political doctrines, unable to comprehend the rising tide of sectionalism and the deep divisions over slavery that threatened to tear the country apart.
Buchanan came from a privileged Pennsylvania background and possessed a brilliant legal mind. He rose through the ranks of politics, serving in the House of Representatives, the Senate, and diplomatic posts abroad. This distance from domestic affairs, while initially seen as an advantage, left him ill-prepared to handle the slavery crisis that dominated his presidency. When the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, which upheld slavery in territories, Buchanan naively hoped this would settle the matter. Instead, it further inflamed tensions and alienated him from both Northern Republicans and members of his own Democratic party.
With the Federal government paralyzed and the 1860 election looming, the nation descended further into chaos. The Democratic Party's split foreshadowed the secession of Southern states, who refused to accept a Lincoln victory. Buchanan, wavering between feeble attempts at coercion and inaction, could not prevent the inevitable. He left office in disgrace and retired to his Pennsylvania estate, leaving the legacy of the impending Civil War to his successor, Abraham Lincoln.
Buchanan came from a privileged Pennsylvania background and possessed a brilliant legal mind. He rose through the ranks of politics, serving in the House of Representatives, the Senate, and diplomatic posts abroad. This distance from domestic affairs, while initially seen as an advantage, left him ill-prepared to handle the slavery crisis that dominated his presidency. When the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, which upheld slavery in territories, Buchanan naively hoped this would settle the matter. Instead, it further inflamed tensions and alienated him from both Northern Republicans and members of his own Democratic party.
With the Federal government paralyzed and the 1860 election looming, the nation descended further into chaos. The Democratic Party's split foreshadowed the secession of Southern states, who refused to accept a Lincoln victory. Buchanan, wavering between feeble attempts at coercion and inaction, could not prevent the inevitable. He left office in disgrace and retired to his Pennsylvania estate, leaving the legacy of the impending Civil War to his successor, Abraham Lincoln.
Wheatland (front), Lancaster, Pennsylvania - 2017
Wheatland (back), Lancaster, Pennsylvania - 2023
Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania - 2017
Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pennsylvania - 2017
Abraham Lincoln
February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865
Spouse:
Mary Todd
Home:
Springfield, Illinois
Term:
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President:
Political Party:
Whig, Republican
Info:
Abraham Lincoln assumed the presidency with the nation on the brink of collapse. In his inaugural address, he issued a warning to the seceding Southern states, emphasizing the grave responsibility they held for the nation's fate while reaffirming his solemn oath to preserve the Union. When the South attacked Fort Sumter, the die was cast. Lincoln called for volunteers to defend the Union, and the Civil War began.
Despite his humble beginnings on the Kentucky frontier, Lincoln possessed an extraordinary drive for knowledge and self-improvement. This journey included being a farmhand, rail-splitter, store owner, and an ambitious lawyer. He married Mary Todd, and despite personal tragedy, built a political career culminating in his successful campaign against Stephen A. Douglas and the Republican nomination for the presidency in 1860.
As President, Lincoln expertly maneuvered a nation at war. He transformed the Republican Party, skillfully maintained the support of Northern Democrats, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Beyond military strategy, Lincoln eloquently articulated the deeper purpose of the Civil War - a struggle not just to preserve the Union, but to ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." His leadership was crucial in securing Union victory, but his assassination by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 tragically undermined Lincoln's plans for a generous and swift reunification, leaving a lasting scar on the nation's history.
Despite his humble beginnings on the Kentucky frontier, Lincoln possessed an extraordinary drive for knowledge and self-improvement. This journey included being a farmhand, rail-splitter, store owner, and an ambitious lawyer. He married Mary Todd, and despite personal tragedy, built a political career culminating in his successful campaign against Stephen A. Douglas and the Republican nomination for the presidency in 1860.
As President, Lincoln expertly maneuvered a nation at war. He transformed the Republican Party, skillfully maintained the support of Northern Democrats, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Beyond military strategy, Lincoln eloquently articulated the deeper purpose of the Civil War - a struggle not just to preserve the Union, but to ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." His leadership was crucial in securing Union victory, but his assassination by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 tragically undermined Lincoln's plans for a generous and swift reunification, leaving a lasting scar on the nation's history.
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park - Hodgenville, Kentucky
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park - Hodgenville, Kentucky
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park - Hodgenville, Kentucky
Abraham Lincoln Boyhood Home - Knob Creek, Kentucky
Abraham Lincoln Boyhood Home - Knob Creek, Kentucky
Abraham Lincoln's Home - Springfield, Illinois
Abraham Lincoln's Home - Springfield, Illinois
Reproduction of Lincoln Funeral Car, Duluth, Minnesota
Reproduction of Lincoln Funeral Car, Duluth, Minnesota
Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Illinois
Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Illinois
Andrew Johnson
December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875
Spouse:
Eliza McCardle
Home:
Greeneville, Tennessee
Term:
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
Vice President:
None
Political Party:
Democratic, National Union
Info:
Following Lincoln's assassination, the presidency fell to Andrew Johnson, a man seemingly ill-suited for the monumental task ahead. A Southern Democrat raised in poverty, Johnson vehemently opposed the planter class and was a staunch defender of states' rights. Despite being seen as a hero in the North for his pro-Union stance during the secession crisis, his background made him a controversial and potentially unstable leader in the aftermath of the Civil War.
Johnson moved quickly to reconstruct the South while Congress was in recess. His actions were relatively lenient, focusing on loyalty oaths and requiring special pardons for wealthy Confederate figures. However, the emergence of "black codes," which imposed severe restrictions on newly freed slaves, angered the Radical Republicans in Congress. They refused to allow Southern representatives to take their seats and initiated a clash with Johnson over the course of Reconstruction.
The battle between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans unfolded through vetoes, overrides, and sweeping legislation. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment demonstrated the willingness of Congress to counteract Johnson's policies. Johnson's efforts to undermine these changes led to his impeachment by the House of Representatives. Though ultimately acquitted by one vote in the Senate, his political power was effectively broken. His legacy remains divisive, caught between a desire for leniency towards the South and the need to protect the rights of freed slaves in a hostile and unrepentant region.
Johnson moved quickly to reconstruct the South while Congress was in recess. His actions were relatively lenient, focusing on loyalty oaths and requiring special pardons for wealthy Confederate figures. However, the emergence of "black codes," which imposed severe restrictions on newly freed slaves, angered the Radical Republicans in Congress. They refused to allow Southern representatives to take their seats and initiated a clash with Johnson over the course of Reconstruction.
The battle between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans unfolded through vetoes, overrides, and sweeping legislation. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment demonstrated the willingness of Congress to counteract Johnson's policies. Johnson's efforts to undermine these changes led to his impeachment by the House of Representatives. Though ultimately acquitted by one vote in the Senate, his political power was effectively broken. His legacy remains divisive, caught between a desire for leniency towards the South and the need to protect the rights of freed slaves in a hostile and unrepentant region.
Andrew Johnson National Historic Site - Greeneville, Tennessee
Andrew Johnson National Cemetery, Greeneville, Tennessee
Small white house on left was the home of Andrew Johnson's daughter where he suffered a fatal stroke and died. This house was purchased, moved to this location and restored. The house on the right is the Ruben Brooks Farmstead located in Winner, Tennessee.
Ruben Brooks Farmstead located in Winner, Tennessee.
Historical marker along TN Hwy 91.
Ulysses S. Grant
April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885
Spouse:
Julia Dent
Home:
Galena, Illinois
Term:
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Ulysses S. Grant's renowned military leadership during the Civil War solidified him as a national hero and the favored choice for President following Andrew Johnson's tumultuous administration. However, Grant's presidency proved a disappointment. Lacking political decisiveness, he became overly reliant on Congress for direction. His administration failed to provide the stability and reform the country craved, leaving a sense of disorientation.
Grant's origins were humble, the son of an Ohio tanner. He reluctantly attended West Point and fought in the Mexican War. Initially unsuccessful in civilian life, the Civil War revived his military career. He gained recognition for his victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and despite setbacks, President Lincoln stood by him. Grant's strategic brilliance in capturing Vicksburg and breaking Confederate forces at Chattanooga led to his eventual appointment as General-in-Chief, culminating in Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
Sadly, Grant's military competence didn't translate well to his Presidency. Despite being personally honest, he was naive in his associations and surrounded himself with questionable advisors. His administration was tarnished by scandal, particularly the infamous attempt to corner the gold market. Grant supported Radical Reconstruction in the South, but his second term was plagued by attacks from political reformers. After his Presidency, he faced financial ruin and bravely battled cancer while penning his memoirs to support his family, passing away in 1885.
Grant's origins were humble, the son of an Ohio tanner. He reluctantly attended West Point and fought in the Mexican War. Initially unsuccessful in civilian life, the Civil War revived his military career. He gained recognition for his victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and despite setbacks, President Lincoln stood by him. Grant's strategic brilliance in capturing Vicksburg and breaking Confederate forces at Chattanooga led to his eventual appointment as General-in-Chief, culminating in Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
Sadly, Grant's military competence didn't translate well to his Presidency. Despite being personally honest, he was naive in his associations and surrounded himself with questionable advisors. His administration was tarnished by scandal, particularly the infamous attempt to corner the gold market. Grant supported Radical Reconstruction in the South, but his second term was plagued by attacks from political reformers. After his Presidency, he faced financial ruin and bravely battled cancer while penning his memoirs to support his family, passing away in 1885.
U.S. Grant Birthplace - Moscow, Ohio
U.S. Grant Birthplace - Moscow, Ohio
White Haven - St. Louis, Missouri. Ulysses S. Grant, the victorious Civil War general and 18th president of the United States, met his beloved wife, Julia Dent, at White Haven plantation in 1844. He lived there with his growing family from 1854 to 1859 and hoped to spend a quiet retirement there when his military and political careers were over. White Haven was the place that he and his family called home.
White Haven - St. Louis, Missouri. Ulysses S. Grant, the victorious Civil War general and 18th president of the United States, met his beloved wife, Julia Dent, at White Haven plantation in 1844. He lived there with his growing family from 1854 to 1859 and hoped to spend a quiet retirement there when his military and political careers were over. White Haven was the place that he and his family called home.
General Grant National Memorial, New York City, New York
General Grant National Memorial, New York City, New York
General Grant National Memorial, New York City, New York
Rutherford B. Hayes
October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893
Spouse:
Lucy Webb
Home:
Spiegel Grove, Fremont, Ohio
Term:
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Rutherford B. Hayes became President following the most contested election in U.S. history. He was known for his honesty, dignity, and efforts towards moderate reform. Hayes, along with his wife Lucy, pleased social reformers by banning alcohol from the White House. Born in Ohio, he was educated at prestigious institutions and became a successful lawyer. His dedication to duty extended to the Civil War, where he bravely served, was wounded, and achieved the rank of brevet major general.
Hayes' reputation for principled liberalism and his war service made him a suitable Republican candidate in 1876. Even though he initially believed himself defeated, a series of political maneuvers surrounding disputed electoral votes ultimately declared Hayes the victor. His presidency was shaped by a need to compromise, promising Southern Democrats favorable treatment in exchange for their support of his claim to office.
Despite the controversial win, Hayes focused on good governance, seeking to bridge divides. He upheld his promise to serve a single term, retiring to Ohio in 1881. Although unable to dismantle the "solid South" that opposed him, Hayes is remembered as a figure of integrity in a tumultuous era.
Hayes' reputation for principled liberalism and his war service made him a suitable Republican candidate in 1876. Even though he initially believed himself defeated, a series of political maneuvers surrounding disputed electoral votes ultimately declared Hayes the victor. His presidency was shaped by a need to compromise, promising Southern Democrats favorable treatment in exchange for their support of his claim to office.
Despite the controversial win, Hayes focused on good governance, seeking to bridge divides. He upheld his promise to serve a single term, retiring to Ohio in 1881. Although unable to dismantle the "solid South" that opposed him, Hayes is remembered as a figure of integrity in a tumultuous era.
A tablet marker commemorates the birthplace of the 19th President. It's located in front of a BP filling station, and between the Upper Cut Barber Shop and Amanda Plumbing in Delaware, Ohio.
A tablet marker commemorates the birthplace of the 19th President. It's located in front of a BP filling station, and between the Upper Cut Barber Shop and Amanda Plumbing in Delaware, Ohio.
Spiegel Grove - Fremont, Ohio
Burial site of Rutherford B. Hayes located behind his home.
James A. Garfield
November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881
Spouse:
Lucretia Rudolph
Home:
Mentor, Ohio
Term:
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
James A. Garfield, the last President born in a log cabin, exemplified the American ideals of hard work and perseverance. Rising from humble beginnings that included the loss of his father and work driving canal boats, he achieved an impressive education. Returning to Ohio, he became president of Hiram College and later an Ohio Senator, staunchly advocating for the Union during the turbulent Civil War era.
Garfield's military value extended beyond his political stance. He led successful campaigns during the Civil War, earning promotions that culminated in the rank of major general. Ohioans recognized his leadership, electing him to Congress in 1862, where he served with distinction and became a prominent Republican for nearly two decades.
Garfield's presidential path was unexpected. Initially supporting a friend's nomination, he emerged as a compromise candidate and narrowly won the 1880 election. As President, he boldly confronted political corruption, notably defying powerful Senator Conkling over patronage positions at the New York Customs House. Garfield's unwavering determination in this struggle reasserted presidential authority. Sadly, his term was cut short by a deranged assassin in July of 1881. Despite extensive efforts, including the use of early medical technology, he succumbed to his wounds in September of that year.
Garfield's military value extended beyond his political stance. He led successful campaigns during the Civil War, earning promotions that culminated in the rank of major general. Ohioans recognized his leadership, electing him to Congress in 1862, where he served with distinction and became a prominent Republican for nearly two decades.
Garfield's presidential path was unexpected. Initially supporting a friend's nomination, he emerged as a compromise candidate and narrowly won the 1880 election. As President, he boldly confronted political corruption, notably defying powerful Senator Conkling over patronage positions at the New York Customs House. Garfield's unwavering determination in this struggle reasserted presidential authority. Sadly, his term was cut short by a deranged assassin in July of 1881. Despite extensive efforts, including the use of early medical technology, he succumbed to his wounds in September of that year.
James Garfield Home - Mentor, Ohio
Unfortunately, when we visited the Memorial it was closed due to a loss of power.
James Garfield Memorial - Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland Heights, Ohio
Chester A. Arthur
October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886
Spouse:
Ellen Herndon
Home:
New York, New York
Term:
September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885
Vice President:
None
Political Party:
Whig, Republican
Info:
Chester A. Arthur, the son of an Irish immigrant preacher, possessed a dignified presence that contributed to his presidential image. His career began with teaching and law, eventually practicing in New York City. Arthur's talents did not go unnoticed, and during the Civil War, he served as Quartermaster General of New York. A political ally of Senator Conkling, Arthur was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, where he upheld high standards of conduct while maintaining firm loyalty to the political machine that supported him.
Arthur faced a setback when President Hayes removed him from his post in an effort to institute reform. His loyalty to Conkling led him to the Vice Presidency, an unexpected outcome to a power struggle over patronage. However, upon becoming President after Garfield's assassination, Arthur defied expectations. He distanced himself from past political associations and instead championed civil service reform, working with Congress to establish the Pendleton Act in 1883, which aimed to create a fairer and more merit-based government employment system.
Beyond domestic reform, Arthur signed the first general immigration law and measures restricting Chinese immigration. Even while demonstrating independence as President, he faced the secret knowledge of a terminal illness. His ambition for renomination in 1884 was likely motivated by a desire to preserve dignity. Despite initial distrust stemming from his political past, Arthur left the Presidency with an improved reputation and passed away in 1886.
Arthur faced a setback when President Hayes removed him from his post in an effort to institute reform. His loyalty to Conkling led him to the Vice Presidency, an unexpected outcome to a power struggle over patronage. However, upon becoming President after Garfield's assassination, Arthur defied expectations. He distanced himself from past political associations and instead championed civil service reform, working with Congress to establish the Pendleton Act in 1883, which aimed to create a fairer and more merit-based government employment system.
Beyond domestic reform, Arthur signed the first general immigration law and measures restricting Chinese immigration. Even while demonstrating independence as President, he faced the secret knowledge of a terminal illness. His ambition for renomination in 1884 was likely motivated by a desire to preserve dignity. Despite initial distrust stemming from his political past, Arthur left the Presidency with an improved reputation and passed away in 1886.
His memorial was designed by Ephraim Keyser and dedicated on June 15, 1889. Friends of the former president contributed a fund that provided $10,000 for the memorial and for a statue that was erected in New York City. (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery)
Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York
Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York
Chester Arthur Historic Site - Fairfield, Vermont - 2023
Chester Arthur Historic Site - Fairfield, Vermont - 2023
Chester Arthur Historic Site - Fairfield, Vermont - 2023
Grover Cleveland
March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908
Spouse:
Frances Folsom
Home:
Princeton, New Jersey
Term:
March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Grover Cleveland, the first Democrat to hold the Presidency since the Civil War, was known for his unwavering principles and integrity. Born the son of a minister, Cleveland began his career as a lawyer in Buffalo, gaining a reputation for his dedication and focus. His entrance into politics was swift, rising from Mayor of Buffalo to Governor of New York, and finally President in just three years. Cleveland's win hinged on support from both Democrats and reform-minded Republicans who had grown weary of political corruption.
President Cleveland was known for opposing special favors for economic interest groups. He famously vetoed relief bills for drought-stricken farmers and fraudulent veteran pension claims believing such measures undermined self-reliance. He tackled both railroad power and high tariffs, prompting the first federal railroad regulations and calling on Congress to lower import taxes. Despite his reformist streak, Cleveland lost his re-election bid in 1888, even while winning the popular vote.
Cleveland's second term was marred by a severe economic depression. He prioritized stabilizing the Treasury's gold supply over widespread unemployment and hardship. He was equally decisive during the Chicago railroad strike, deploying federal troops against labor unrest. These actions, alongside his stance on Venezuela, resonated with some Americans but his handling of the economic crisis ultimately led his own party to abandon him in favor of William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Cleveland retired to Princeton, where he remained until his death in 1908.
President Cleveland was known for opposing special favors for economic interest groups. He famously vetoed relief bills for drought-stricken farmers and fraudulent veteran pension claims believing such measures undermined self-reliance. He tackled both railroad power and high tariffs, prompting the first federal railroad regulations and calling on Congress to lower import taxes. Despite his reformist streak, Cleveland lost his re-election bid in 1888, even while winning the popular vote.
Cleveland's second term was marred by a severe economic depression. He prioritized stabilizing the Treasury's gold supply over widespread unemployment and hardship. He was equally decisive during the Chicago railroad strike, deploying federal troops against labor unrest. These actions, alongside his stance on Venezuela, resonated with some Americans but his handling of the economic crisis ultimately led his own party to abandon him in favor of William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Cleveland retired to Princeton, where he remained until his death in 1908.
Grover Cleveland's home in Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton Cemetery, Princeton, New Jersey
Benjamin Harrison
August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901
Spouse:
Caroline Scott
Mary Scott Lord
Mary Scott Lord
Home:
Indianapolis, Indiana
Term:
March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893
Vice President:
Political Party:
Whig, Republican
Info:
Benjamin Harrison, grandson of President William Henry Harrison ("Old Tippecanoe"), was a man of small stature but great legal and political renown. Born on an Ohio farm and educated in Ohio and Indiana, he rose to prominence as a lawyer in Indianapolis. His military service as a Colonel in the Civil War further enhanced his standing. Though defeated in a bid for governor, Harrison served in the U.S. Senate, championing the causes of Native Americans, settlers, and veterans.
Harrison's 1888 presidential campaign was novel, relying on "front-porch" speeches to supporters in Indianapolis. Despite losing the popular vote to incumbent Grover Cleveland, he secured enough electoral votes to win. Harrison's presidency was marked by a flurry of spending, earning Congress the title "the billion-dollar Congress." His term also saw the passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in an attempt to curb monopolies.
While foreign policy became a strength of his administration, domestic matters were less smooth. Harrison supported higher tariffs, leading to a budget surplus later followed by an economic downturn. This damaged Republican prospects, leading them to seek other candidates despite Harrison's cooperation on their legislative agenda
Harrison's 1888 presidential campaign was novel, relying on "front-porch" speeches to supporters in Indianapolis. Despite losing the popular vote to incumbent Grover Cleveland, he secured enough electoral votes to win. Harrison's presidency was marked by a flurry of spending, earning Congress the title "the billion-dollar Congress." His term also saw the passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in an attempt to curb monopolies.
While foreign policy became a strength of his administration, domestic matters were less smooth. Harrison supported higher tariffs, leading to a budget surplus later followed by an economic downturn. This damaged Republican prospects, leading them to seek other candidates despite Harrison's cooperation on their legislative agenda
Benjamin Harrison Birthplace - North Bend, Ohio
Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site - Indianapolis, Indiana
Crown Hill Cemetery, Washington Township, Indiana
Grover Cleveland
March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908
Spouse:
Frances Folsom
Home:
Princeton, New Jersey
Term:
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Grover Cleveland, the first Democrat to hold the Presidency since the Civil War, was known for his unwavering principles and integrity. Born the son of a minister, Cleveland began his career as a lawyer in Buffalo, gaining a reputation for his dedication and focus. His entrance into politics was swift, rising from Mayor of Buffalo to Governor of New York, and finally President in just three years. Cleveland's win hinged on support from both Democrats and reform-minded Republicans who had grown weary of political corruption.
President Cleveland was known for opposing special favors for economic interest groups. He famously vetoed relief bills for drought-stricken farmers and fraudulent veteran pension claims believing such measures undermined self-reliance. He tackled both railroad power and high tariffs, prompting the first federal railroad regulations and calling on Congress to lower import taxes. Despite his reformist streak, Cleveland lost his re-election bid in 1888, even while winning the popular vote.
Cleveland's second term was marred by a severe economic depression. He prioritized stabilizing the Treasury's gold supply over widespread unemployment and hardship. He was equally decisive during the Chicago railroad strike, deploying federal troops against labor unrest. These actions, alongside his stance on Venezuela, resonated with some Americans but his handling of the economic crisis ultimately led his own party to abandon him in favor of William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Cleveland retired to Princeton, where he remained until his death in 1908.
President Cleveland was known for opposing special favors for economic interest groups. He famously vetoed relief bills for drought-stricken farmers and fraudulent veteran pension claims believing such measures undermined self-reliance. He tackled both railroad power and high tariffs, prompting the first federal railroad regulations and calling on Congress to lower import taxes. Despite his reformist streak, Cleveland lost his re-election bid in 1888, even while winning the popular vote.
Cleveland's second term was marred by a severe economic depression. He prioritized stabilizing the Treasury's gold supply over widespread unemployment and hardship. He was equally decisive during the Chicago railroad strike, deploying federal troops against labor unrest. These actions, alongside his stance on Venezuela, resonated with some Americans but his handling of the economic crisis ultimately led his own party to abandon him in favor of William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Cleveland retired to Princeton, where he remained until his death in 1908.
Grover Cleveland's home in Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton Cemetery, Princeton, New Jersey
William McKinley
January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901
Spouse:
Ida Saxton
Home:
Canton, Ohio
Term:
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign, masterminded by businessman Marcus Hanna, promised renewed prosperity amidst economic depression. Opposing Democrat William Jennings Bryan's pro-silver stance, McKinley conducted a dignified "front porch" campaign, ultimately securing a decisive victory. Born in Ohio, McKinley served in the Civil War, studied law, and married into a prominent local family. His political career began in Congress, where he gained expertise on tariff policy and developed a reputation for supporting public interests against private monopolies.
McKinley prioritized tariff legislation upon becoming President, while the national debate over silver coinage subsided alongside the depression. His administration was marked by growing industrial consolidation, though McKinley opposed trusts as harmful to the public. McKinley, unable to resist public pressure, reluctantly led the country into war with Spain over Spanish actions in Cuba. The swift victory brought new territories under U.S. control, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, reflecting rising imperialist sentiment detected by the President.
Defeating Bryan once more in 1900 on a platform of continued prosperity, McKinley's second term was tragically cut short. While greeting the public at an exposition in Buffalo, he was assassinated by an anarchist in September of 1901, just months after his reelection.
McKinley prioritized tariff legislation upon becoming President, while the national debate over silver coinage subsided alongside the depression. His administration was marked by growing industrial consolidation, though McKinley opposed trusts as harmful to the public. McKinley, unable to resist public pressure, reluctantly led the country into war with Spain over Spanish actions in Cuba. The swift victory brought new territories under U.S. control, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, reflecting rising imperialist sentiment detected by the President.
Defeating Bryan once more in 1900 on a platform of continued prosperity, McKinley's second term was tragically cut short. While greeting the public at an exposition in Buffalo, he was assassinated by an anarchist in September of 1901, just months after his reelection.
The Saxton-McKinley house is a two and three story brick building of irregular massing. It was constructed in two segments, in 1841, and ca. 1865. The earliest portion is at the rear of the structure and was a two-story gable roofed building. This is significant as the only residence with direct historical ties to President William McKinley remaining in his hometown of Canton. It was the family home of McKinley's wife, Ida, and he and his wife lived in the house between 1878-1891 during the period he served in the U.S. House of Representatives. (source: https://www.firstladies.org/SaxtonMcKinleyHouse.aspx). Located in Canton, Ohio.
The Saxton-McKinley house is a two and three story brick building of irregular massing. It was constructed in two segments, in 1841, and ca. 1865. The earliest portion is at the rear of the structure and was a two-story gable roofed building. This is significant as the only residence with direct historical ties to President William McKinley remaining in his hometown of Canton. It was the family home of McKinley's wife, Ida, and he and his wife lived in the house between 1878-1891 during the period he served in the U.S. House of Representatives. (source: https://www.firstladies.org/SaxtonMcKinleyHouse.aspx). Located in Canton, Ohio.
On September 6, 1901, William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. He was shaking hands with the public when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot him twice in the abdomen. McKinley died eight days later on September 14 of gangrene caused by the gunshot wounds. He was the third American president to have been assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881.(source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley). The original location of the assassination was demolished, and the spot is currently marked by a stone with a plaque on Fordham Drive median in a Buffalo neighborhood.
On September 6, 1901, William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. He was shaking hands with the public when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot him twice in the abdomen. McKinley died eight days later on September 14 of gangrene caused by the gunshot wounds. He was the third American president to have been assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881.(source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley). The original location of the assassination was demolished, and the spot is currently marked by a stone with a plaque on Fordham Drive median in a Buffalo neighborhood.
William McKinley Tomb - Canton, Ohio
The bodies of McKinley and his wife lie side by side in two polished, dark-green, granite sarcophagi, resting atop a ten-foot-square of polished dark maroon granite in the center of the space. Their two young daughters are also laid to rest here. Three semi-circular arched bays encircle the central chamber.
Theodore Roosevelt
October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919
Spouse:
Alice Lee
Edith Carow
Edith Carow
Home:
Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, New York
Term:
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican, Progressive "Bull Moose"
Info:
Theodore Roosevelt's ascent to the Presidency after McKinley's assassination made him the youngest leader in U.S. history. He transformed the office, championing progressive reforms and a robust foreign policy. Roosevelt believed in an activist president, using executive power boldly in the interest of the public good. This contrasted sharply with his predecessors and reflected his own triumph over childhood illness through a life of vigorous activity.
Despite his privileged New York upbringing, Roosevelt, following the death of his wife and mother, sought renewal in the rugged landscapes of the West. His heroism during the Spanish-American War propelled him further into the public eye. As President, he famously broke up powerful monopolies and became known as a "trust buster." Roosevelt firmly inserted the U.S. into global affairs, notably overseeing the Panama Canal's construction and mediating the Russo-Japanese War, for which he earned a Nobel Peace Prize.
Conservation was another cornerstone of Roosevelt's legacy. He vastly expanded national parks and forests, laying the groundwork for modern environmentalism. His tireless energy was infectious, whether he was hiking with foreign officials or playing with his children. After leaving office, Roosevelt remained active, even running for President again in 1912 as a Progressive. While an assassination attempt in Milwaukee failed, it underscored his vitality and dedication, traits that defined his life until his death in 1919.
Despite his privileged New York upbringing, Roosevelt, following the death of his wife and mother, sought renewal in the rugged landscapes of the West. His heroism during the Spanish-American War propelled him further into the public eye. As President, he famously broke up powerful monopolies and became known as a "trust buster." Roosevelt firmly inserted the U.S. into global affairs, notably overseeing the Panama Canal's construction and mediating the Russo-Japanese War, for which he earned a Nobel Peace Prize.
Conservation was another cornerstone of Roosevelt's legacy. He vastly expanded national parks and forests, laying the groundwork for modern environmentalism. His tireless energy was infectious, whether he was hiking with foreign officials or playing with his children. After leaving office, Roosevelt remained active, even running for President again in 1912 as a Progressive. While an assassination attempt in Milwaukee failed, it underscored his vitality and dedication, traits that defined his life until his death in 1919.
Sagamore Hill - Cove Neck, New York
Youngs Memorial Cemetery - Oyster Bay, New York
Medal of Honor Plaque
William Howard Taft
September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930
Spouse:
Helen Herron
Home:
Cincinnati, Ohio
Term:
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
William Howard Taft, a skilled lawyer and experienced administrator, found himself an uncomfortable fit for the Presidency. His large stature matched a jovial personality, but he lacked political finesse. Despite his personal preference for the judiciary, ambition propelled him upward—sometimes due to his own competence and sometimes, as he wryly noted, from being in the right place at the right time. His wife's desire for his political ascent outweighed his own.
Taft's reputation grew through administrative roles, first in the Philippines, where he garnered respect for improving infrastructure and granting Filipinos limited self-government. This, along with his stint as Secretary of War, positioned him as Roosevelt's handpicked successor. While Taft campaigned on progressive ideals to appease the West, his brother smoothed concerns from Eastern conservatives. His victory, however, was short-lived as ideological divides within the Republican party became clear.
Unlike the dynamic Roosevelt, Taft had a legalistic approach to power and was unwilling to push presidential boundaries. This, along with his support of a high-tariff bill and perceived mishandling of conservation issues, eroded his progressive base. Despite achievements such as increased antitrust activity, his administration is largely remembered for alienating his own party. The rift culminated in Roosevelt's defection, ensuring a Democratic victory in 1912. Freed from politics, Taft pursued academia until his dream appointment as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The role seemed almost a vindication, with Taft himself downplaying the significance of his time as president.
Taft's reputation grew through administrative roles, first in the Philippines, where he garnered respect for improving infrastructure and granting Filipinos limited self-government. This, along with his stint as Secretary of War, positioned him as Roosevelt's handpicked successor. While Taft campaigned on progressive ideals to appease the West, his brother smoothed concerns from Eastern conservatives. His victory, however, was short-lived as ideological divides within the Republican party became clear.
Unlike the dynamic Roosevelt, Taft had a legalistic approach to power and was unwilling to push presidential boundaries. This, along with his support of a high-tariff bill and perceived mishandling of conservation issues, eroded his progressive base. Despite achievements such as increased antitrust activity, his administration is largely remembered for alienating his own party. The rift culminated in Roosevelt's defection, ensuring a Democratic victory in 1912. Freed from politics, Taft pursued academia until his dream appointment as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The role seemed almost a vindication, with Taft himself downplaying the significance of his time as president.
William Howard Taft's home in Cincinnati, Ohio.
William Howard Taft - 2019
Woodrow Wilson
December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924
Spouse:
Ellen Axson
Edith Bolling
Edith Bolling
Home:
Washington, DC
Term:
March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Woodrow Wilson, like Theodore Roosevelt, believed he held a special responsibility as the people's representative. He felt a duty to address the nation's overall well-being. Wilson implemented a progressive reform agenda and aimed to be a world leader in shaping a new global order.
Prior to his presidency, Wilson had a distinguished academic career. Born in Virginia in 1856, he witnessed the Civil War's devastation firsthand through his minister father. After his education at Princeton, Virginia Law School, and Johns Hopkins, Wilson became a professor and eventually the president of Princeton University. His growing national reputation led to his governorship of New Jersey in 1910. There, he embraced progressive policies, and this success propelled him to the presidency in 1912.
As president, Wilson enacted significant reforms. He lowered tariffs, established a federal income tax, and created the Federal Reserve System. He also addressed business practices with the Federal Trade Commission and improved working conditions through child labor restrictions and an eight-hour workday for railroad workers. He narrowly won re-election in 1916, partly on the campaign promise of keeping the U.S. out of World War I. However, by 1917, America's entry into the war became inevitable.
Prior to his presidency, Wilson had a distinguished academic career. Born in Virginia in 1856, he witnessed the Civil War's devastation firsthand through his minister father. After his education at Princeton, Virginia Law School, and Johns Hopkins, Wilson became a professor and eventually the president of Princeton University. His growing national reputation led to his governorship of New Jersey in 1910. There, he embraced progressive policies, and this success propelled him to the presidency in 1912.
As president, Wilson enacted significant reforms. He lowered tariffs, established a federal income tax, and created the Federal Reserve System. He also addressed business practices with the Federal Trade Commission and improved working conditions through child labor restrictions and an eight-hour workday for railroad workers. He narrowly won re-election in 1916, partly on the campaign promise of keeping the U.S. out of World War I. However, by 1917, America's entry into the war became inevitable.
National Cathedral - Washington DC
Sarcophagi of Woodrow Wilson in the National Cathedral
Woodrow Wilson Birthplace and Museum in Staunton, VA - 2021
Woodrow Wilson Museum in Staunton, VA - 2021
Woodrow Wilson Birthplace in Staunton, VA - 2021
Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home - Augusta, GA - 2019
Warren G. Harding
November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923
Spouse:
Florence Kling
Home:
Marion, Ohio
Term:
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Warren G. Harding's presidential campaign focused on themes of restoration, stability, and national pride rather than bold new initiatives. He presented himself as the antidote to a world shaken by war and radical political movements. His speeches, intentionally vague on key issues like the League of Nations, emphasized a return to "normalcy." This message resonated with voters weary of international entanglements and domestic turmoil.
Harding was a conventional and affable figure. Born in Ohio and rising through the ranks of journalism and local politics, he epitomized small-town American values. He was well-liked and easily managed by political bosses. This congeniality, along with his stately appearance, made him an appealing candidate for a group of Senators who maneuvered him into the Republican nomination in 1920.
Harding's presidency took a conservative turn. Pro-business policies, including tax cuts, deregulation, and tariffs, defined his administration's economic approach. However, mounting scandals plagued his tenure. Allegations of corruption among his appointees deeply troubled him. Exhausted and disillusioned, he died of a heart attack in 1923, leaving the public still unaware of the extent of malfeasance that would forever tarnish his administration.
Harding was a conventional and affable figure. Born in Ohio and rising through the ranks of journalism and local politics, he epitomized small-town American values. He was well-liked and easily managed by political bosses. This congeniality, along with his stately appearance, made him an appealing candidate for a group of Senators who maneuvered him into the Republican nomination in 1920.
Harding's presidency took a conservative turn. Pro-business policies, including tax cuts, deregulation, and tariffs, defined his administration's economic approach. However, mounting scandals plagued his tenure. Allegations of corruption among his appointees deeply troubled him. Exhausted and disillusioned, he died of a heart attack in 1923, leaving the public still unaware of the extent of malfeasance that would forever tarnish his administration.
Harding Home in Marion, Ohio
The Harding Tomb - Marion, Ohio
Grave site of Warren and Florence Harding
Calvin Coolidge
July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933
Spouse:
Grace Goodhue
Home:
Plymouth Notch, Vermont
Term:
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
Vice President:
Charles G. Dawes
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Upon President Harding's sudden death in 1923, Calvin Coolidge unexpectedly ascended to the presidency. In a Vermont farmhouse, illuminated by a kerosene lamp, he was sworn in by his father. Coolidge, known more for his resolute character than bold actions, sought to restore dignity to the presidency following a period of scandal and excess.
A native of Vermont and a staunch Republican, Coolidge progressed steadily through local and state political offices. His conservative leanings guided his presidency. He believed in limited government intervention, resisting calls to use federal power to influence the economy or assist struggling sectors like agriculture. His first message to Congress emphasized foreign policy isolationism, economic measures like tax cuts, and limited agricultural aid.
Coolidge's presidency coincided with a time of relative prosperity, and he became a popular figure. He won re-election in 1924 with a significant majority. His administration prioritized maintaining the status quo, reflected in his vetoes of farm relief initiatives and opposition to government-led power projects. Coolidge embodied a unique duality: he was a president known for his inactivity, seemingly content to let the country run its course, yet he also maintained a public persona through photo opportunities and White House events. His taciturn personality and witty remarks became the stuff of legend, further cementing his distinct place in American history.
A native of Vermont and a staunch Republican, Coolidge progressed steadily through local and state political offices. His conservative leanings guided his presidency. He believed in limited government intervention, resisting calls to use federal power to influence the economy or assist struggling sectors like agriculture. His first message to Congress emphasized foreign policy isolationism, economic measures like tax cuts, and limited agricultural aid.
Coolidge's presidency coincided with a time of relative prosperity, and he became a popular figure. He won re-election in 1924 with a significant majority. His administration prioritized maintaining the status quo, reflected in his vetoes of farm relief initiatives and opposition to government-led power projects. Coolidge embodied a unique duality: he was a president known for his inactivity, seemingly content to let the country run its course, yet he also maintained a public persona through photo opportunities and White House events. His taciturn personality and witty remarks became the stuff of legend, further cementing his distinct place in American history.
Coolidge Homestead - Plymouth, Vermont. On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death. He dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled.[82] His father, a notary public and justice of the peace, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m. on August 3, 1923; President Coolidge then went back to bed. (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge)
Plymouth Notch Cemetery - Plymouth, Vermont
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964
Spouse:
Lou Henry
Home:
New York, New York
Term:
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Herbert Hoover's remarkable career was built upon a foundation of engineering expertise, administrative prowess, and unwavering humanitarianism. Born in Iowa and raised in Oregon, he was a Stanford graduate who embarked on an international engineering career. His work in China was interrupted by the Boxer Rebellion, where he and his wife displayed heroism in the face of danger.
World War I further propelled Hoover into the global spotlight. He masterfully facilitated the return of stranded American tourists from Europe. Later, he heroically organized efforts to feed war-torn Belgium. After the U.S. entered the war, President Wilson appointed Hoover to lead the Food Administration, where he successfully rallied the nation to conserve vital resources and support the Allies.
Hoover's humanitarian efforts continued after the war. He orchestrated large-scale relief operations in Europe and even extended aid to Soviet Russia during a famine. His distinguished service led to the role of Secretary of Commerce and ultimately the Republican presidential nomination in 1928. Optimistic about America's future, Hoover's presidency was tragically overshadowed by the Great Depression. Despite his efforts to stabilize the economy through tax cuts and public works projects, the crisis deepened. Unfairly blamed for the nation's suffering, he lost his re-election bid. However, Hoover remained a vocal figure in politics, influencing government reorganization efforts and authoring numerous publications until his death in 1964.
World War I further propelled Hoover into the global spotlight. He masterfully facilitated the return of stranded American tourists from Europe. Later, he heroically organized efforts to feed war-torn Belgium. After the U.S. entered the war, President Wilson appointed Hoover to lead the Food Administration, where he successfully rallied the nation to conserve vital resources and support the Allies.
Hoover's humanitarian efforts continued after the war. He orchestrated large-scale relief operations in Europe and even extended aid to Soviet Russia during a famine. His distinguished service led to the role of Secretary of Commerce and ultimately the Republican presidential nomination in 1928. Optimistic about America's future, Hoover's presidency was tragically overshadowed by the Great Depression. Despite his efforts to stabilize the economy through tax cuts and public works projects, the crisis deepened. Unfairly blamed for the nation's suffering, he lost his re-election bid. However, Hoover remained a vocal figure in politics, influencing government reorganization efforts and authoring numerous publications until his death in 1964.
Herbert Hoover National Historic Site - West Branch, Iowa
Burial site of Herbert and Lou Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945
Spouse:
Eleanor Roosevelt
Home:
Hyde Park, New York
Term:
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Franklin D. Roosevelt, born into a privileged New York family and profoundly influenced by his cousin Theodore Roosevelt, entered politics as a Democrat. His political trajectory included serving in the New York Senate, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and as a vice-presidential nominee in 1920. However, in 1921, Roosevelt was stricken with polio, a debilitating illness that forced him to relearn how to walk and use his legs. He displayed perseverance, returning to the national stage in 1924 and becoming governor of New York in 1928.
Elected president in 1932 during the Great Depression, Roosevelt faced a dire economic crisis: widespread unemployment and bank closures. He swiftly initiated his "New Deal," an ambitious program of economic recovery, relief for those most affected, and reforms like the Tennessee Valley Authority. While achieving some recovery, Roosevelt faced backlash from the business community who disapproved of deficit spending, regulations, and labor concessions. Roosevelt countered with greater reforms, including Social Security and increased taxes on the wealthy.
Internationally, Roosevelt revamped U.S. foreign policy, replacing unilateralism with collaboration on issues of mutual interest. Although initially pursuing neutrality in Europe, the rise of aggressors and the attack on Pearl Harbor led him to provide aid to allies and ultimately direct the war effort. Committed to postwar peace, Roosevelt was pivotal in envisioning and planning the United Nations. Sadly, his health declined toward the end of the war, and he died in 1945, leaving an enduring legacy shaped by his response to both national and international crises.
Elected president in 1932 during the Great Depression, Roosevelt faced a dire economic crisis: widespread unemployment and bank closures. He swiftly initiated his "New Deal," an ambitious program of economic recovery, relief for those most affected, and reforms like the Tennessee Valley Authority. While achieving some recovery, Roosevelt faced backlash from the business community who disapproved of deficit spending, regulations, and labor concessions. Roosevelt countered with greater reforms, including Social Security and increased taxes on the wealthy.
Internationally, Roosevelt revamped U.S. foreign policy, replacing unilateralism with collaboration on issues of mutual interest. Although initially pursuing neutrality in Europe, the rise of aggressors and the attack on Pearl Harbor led him to provide aid to allies and ultimately direct the war effort. Committed to postwar peace, Roosevelt was pivotal in envisioning and planning the United Nations. Sadly, his health declined toward the end of the war, and he died in 1945, leaving an enduring legacy shaped by his response to both national and international crises.
Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site - Hyde Park, New York
Burial site of F.D.R and Eleanor Roosevelt - Hyde Park, New York
The Little Whitehouse in Warm Springs, GA - 2021
The Little Whitehouse in Warm Springs, GA - 2021
Harry S. Truman
May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972
Spouse:
Bess Wallace
Home:
Independence, Missouri
Term:
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Thrust into the presidency after Roosevelt's sudden death, Harry S. Truman inherited enormous responsibilities without sufficient preparation. This Missouri-born former farmer and World War I veteran lacked crucial information on the atomic bomb and escalating tensions with Russia. His initial reaction to the presidency's weight was one of overwhelming burden.
Despite these challenges, Truman rose to become a decisive leader who made some of history's most difficult choices. Facing a defiant Japan in the final stages of World War II, he authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, prompting their surrender. He further demonstrated leadership by witnessing the signing of the United Nations charter, formed in the hope of securing lasting peace.
Domestically, Truman's presidency was marked by his "Fair Deal" program—an ambitious plan to extend Social Security, ensure full employment, combat discrimination, and address housing needs. His foreign policy focused on countering Soviet expansionism. The Truman Doctrine offered aid to Greece and Turkey, while the Marshall Plan catalyzed economic recovery in Europe. He decisively met crises like the Berlin Blockade with the Berlin Airlift and played a vital role in forming NATO. In 1950, he committed the U.S. to the Korean War, responding to North Korea's invasion of South Korea and limiting the conflict to avoid broader escalation. Truman, opting not to seek re-election, retired to his hometown of Independence, where he passed away in 1972.
Despite these challenges, Truman rose to become a decisive leader who made some of history's most difficult choices. Facing a defiant Japan in the final stages of World War II, he authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, prompting their surrender. He further demonstrated leadership by witnessing the signing of the United Nations charter, formed in the hope of securing lasting peace.
Domestically, Truman's presidency was marked by his "Fair Deal" program—an ambitious plan to extend Social Security, ensure full employment, combat discrimination, and address housing needs. His foreign policy focused on countering Soviet expansionism. The Truman Doctrine offered aid to Greece and Turkey, while the Marshall Plan catalyzed economic recovery in Europe. He decisively met crises like the Berlin Blockade with the Berlin Airlift and played a vital role in forming NATO. In 1950, he committed the U.S. to the Korean War, responding to North Korea's invasion of South Korea and limiting the conflict to avoid broader escalation. Truman, opting not to seek re-election, retired to his hometown of Independence, where he passed away in 1972.
Harry S. Truman National Historic Site - Independence, Missouri
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum - Independence, Missouri
Burial site of Harry and Bess Truman on the grounds of the Library and Museum.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969
Spouse:
Mamie Doud
Home:
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Term:
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Dwight D. Eisenhower, celebrated for his role as Allied commander in World War II, entered the presidency determined to resolve the Korean War and mitigate Cold War tensions. Throughout his two terms, he embraced the approach of "Modern Republicanism," promoting moderate domestic policies while emphasizing economic stability.
Born in Texas and raised in Kansas, Eisenhower's early life was marked by athleticism and a distinguished military career. His strategic prowess shone during World War II, notably in North Africa and the D-Day invasion. Postwar, he led Columbia University and later NATO before shifting his focus to politics. Propelled by the popular "I Like Ike" campaign, he won the presidency in 1952.
Eisenhower aimed to de-escalate Cold War hostilities through robust military preparedness and diplomatic efforts. He played a pivotal role in the Korean War armistice and later eased tensions with the Soviet Union following Stalin's death. The 1955 Geneva Summit saw his innovative "Open Skies" proposal for military transparency, which, though initially rejected by the Soviets, opened a path toward dialogue. Despite health concerns, he secured a second term. Domestically, Eisenhower upheld key New Deal and Fair Deal programs while championing fiscal responsibility. Committed to civil rights, he enforced desegregation in schools and the armed forces. His emphasis on international peace and his "atoms for peace" initiative highlighted his dedication to global cooperation. Upon retiring in 1961, Eisenhower cautioned against excessive military spending, underscoring the importance of balanced national priorities.
Born in Texas and raised in Kansas, Eisenhower's early life was marked by athleticism and a distinguished military career. His strategic prowess shone during World War II, notably in North Africa and the D-Day invasion. Postwar, he led Columbia University and later NATO before shifting his focus to politics. Propelled by the popular "I Like Ike" campaign, he won the presidency in 1952.
Eisenhower aimed to de-escalate Cold War hostilities through robust military preparedness and diplomatic efforts. He played a pivotal role in the Korean War armistice and later eased tensions with the Soviet Union following Stalin's death. The 1955 Geneva Summit saw his innovative "Open Skies" proposal for military transparency, which, though initially rejected by the Soviets, opened a path toward dialogue. Despite health concerns, he secured a second term. Domestically, Eisenhower upheld key New Deal and Fair Deal programs while championing fiscal responsibility. Committed to civil rights, he enforced desegregation in schools and the armed forces. His emphasis on international peace and his "atoms for peace" initiative highlighted his dedication to global cooperation. Upon retiring in 1961, Eisenhower cautioned against excessive military spending, underscoring the importance of balanced national priorities.
Birthplace of Dwight D. Eisenhower - Denison, Texas
Birthplace of Dwight D. Eisenhower - Denison, Texas
Birthplace of Dwight D. Eisenhower - Denison, Texas
Eisenhower Home 1898-1946 in foreground, and Library and Museum on the right behind the trees - Abilene, Kansas.
Eisenhower Presidential Chapel - Abilene, Kansas
Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum Chapel - Abilene, Kansas
Final resting place of Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963
Spouse:
Jacqueline Bouvier
Home:
Kennedy Compound, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts
Term:
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
John F. Kennedy, born in 1917, had a distinguished career before becoming the youngest elected president in US history. After graduating from Harvard, he served heroically in the Navy during World War II. Back from the war, he entered politics, becoming a Congressman and then a Senator. He married Jacqueline Bouvier and even wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning book, "Profiles in Courage."
Kennedy's charisma and focus on progress propelled him to the presidency in 1960. He became the first Catholic president and delivered the inspiring inaugural address that challenged Americans to ask "what you can do for your country." His domestic policies aimed to revitalize the economy and address social issues like civil rights. He also championed the arts and sciences.
On the world stage, Kennedy faced challenges from communist powers. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba and the tense standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba marked significant moments during his presidency. However, Kennedy's firm leadership and diplomatic efforts helped to defuse these crises and pave the way for future arms control talks.
Kennedy's charisma and focus on progress propelled him to the presidency in 1960. He became the first Catholic president and delivered the inspiring inaugural address that challenged Americans to ask "what you can do for your country." His domestic policies aimed to revitalize the economy and address social issues like civil rights. He also championed the arts and sciences.
On the world stage, Kennedy faced challenges from communist powers. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba and the tense standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba marked significant moments during his presidency. However, Kennedy's firm leadership and diplomatic efforts helped to defuse these crises and pave the way for future arms control talks.
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum - Boston, Massachusetts
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum - Boston, Massachusetts
Arlington National Cemetery - Arlington, Virginia - 2000
2019
Lyndon B. Johnson
August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973
Spouse:
Lady Bird Taylor
Home:
Stonewall, Texas
Term:
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Lyndon B. Johnson envisioned building a "Great Society" marked by progress and the betterment of life for Americans and people worldwide. His commitment fueled one of the most ambitious legislative agendas in US history. As President, he also maintained international security and addressed the escalating conflict in Vietnam, aiming to curtail communist expansion.
Johnson's humble Texan roots instilled an understanding of poverty and shaped his focus on helping the disadvantaged. He taught underprivileged Mexican-American students before entering politics as a New Deal-era Congressman in 1937, aided by his wife, Lady Bird. His service included a brief stint in the Navy during WWII, where he earned a Silver Star.
Moving into the Senate in 1948, Johnson gained recognition for his political acumen, becoming the youngest Minority Leader and later Majority Leader. He aided the passage of critical measures under the Eisenhower presidency. Elected Vice President in 1960, tragedy propelled him into the presidency upon Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Johnson swiftly pushed through Kennedy's unfinished civil rights and tax cut legislation and rallied the nation towards building a "Great Society." With an overwhelming 1964 election victory, Johnson used his mandate to implement significant Great Society programs aimed at education, healthcare, urban development, poverty reduction, and voting rights.
Throughout his presidency, Johnson championed advancements in space exploration. He praised the astronauts who first orbited the moon in 1968, marking a pivotal point in space advancements. However, his tenure was also marked by crises – widespread unrest ignited by racial discrimination and the complexities of Vietnam dominated his efforts. Despite implementing anti-poverty and anti-discrimination initiatives, racial tensions remained high. In Vietnam, he aimed to settle the conflict with communists, but faced growing controversy. Ultimately, he made the surprising decision to withdraw as a re-election candidate in 1968, aiming to focus on seeking peace. Peace talks commenced, but sadly, Johnson passed away from a heart attack in 1973 before they could conclude successfully.
Johnson's humble Texan roots instilled an understanding of poverty and shaped his focus on helping the disadvantaged. He taught underprivileged Mexican-American students before entering politics as a New Deal-era Congressman in 1937, aided by his wife, Lady Bird. His service included a brief stint in the Navy during WWII, where he earned a Silver Star.
Moving into the Senate in 1948, Johnson gained recognition for his political acumen, becoming the youngest Minority Leader and later Majority Leader. He aided the passage of critical measures under the Eisenhower presidency. Elected Vice President in 1960, tragedy propelled him into the presidency upon Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Johnson swiftly pushed through Kennedy's unfinished civil rights and tax cut legislation and rallied the nation towards building a "Great Society." With an overwhelming 1964 election victory, Johnson used his mandate to implement significant Great Society programs aimed at education, healthcare, urban development, poverty reduction, and voting rights.
Throughout his presidency, Johnson championed advancements in space exploration. He praised the astronauts who first orbited the moon in 1968, marking a pivotal point in space advancements. However, his tenure was also marked by crises – widespread unrest ignited by racial discrimination and the complexities of Vietnam dominated his efforts. Despite implementing anti-poverty and anti-discrimination initiatives, racial tensions remained high. In Vietnam, he aimed to settle the conflict with communists, but faced growing controversy. Ultimately, he made the surprising decision to withdraw as a re-election candidate in 1968, aiming to focus on seeking peace. Peace talks commenced, but sadly, Johnson passed away from a heart attack in 1973 before they could conclude successfully.
Johnson Family Cemetery - Stonewall, Texas
Grave site of Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson
Richard Nixon
January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994
Spouse:
Pat Ryan
Home:
Yorba Linda, California
Term:
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Richard M. Nixon became president during a time of deep national division, both domestically and regarding the Vietnam War. His initial goal was to unify the country, and he achieved some notable successes, including ending American involvement in Vietnam and improving relations with China and the Soviet Union. However, his presidency and legacy were ultimately tarnished by the Watergate scandal, which led to his resignation.
Nixon's political career was marked by both early achievements and a remarkable comeback. After a successful academic career, he practiced law, married Patricia Ryan, and served in the Navy during WWII. Elected to Congress and later the Senate, he became Eisenhower's Vice President at just 39 years old. Despite losing narrowly to Kennedy in 1960 and suffering another defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial race, he persisted. He won the presidency in 1968.
As president, Nixon oversaw policies like revenue sharing, an end to the draft, anticrime laws, and environmental initiatives. He followed through on appointing conservative Supreme Court justices. He made strides towards achieving world peace with historic visits to China and the Soviet Union, resulting in critical treaties for nuclear arms reduction. He also played a pivotal role in securing a Vietnam War ceasefire in 1973 and brokering critical agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Yet, the Watergate scandal, stemming from illegal activities during his reelection campaign, led to cover-up attempts and damaging revelations. Facing certain impeachment, Nixon made the unprecedented decision to resign in 1974. In his later years, his reputation improved somewhat as he offered his insights as an elder statesman and prolific author on foreign affairs.
Nixon's political career was marked by both early achievements and a remarkable comeback. After a successful academic career, he practiced law, married Patricia Ryan, and served in the Navy during WWII. Elected to Congress and later the Senate, he became Eisenhower's Vice President at just 39 years old. Despite losing narrowly to Kennedy in 1960 and suffering another defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial race, he persisted. He won the presidency in 1968.
As president, Nixon oversaw policies like revenue sharing, an end to the draft, anticrime laws, and environmental initiatives. He followed through on appointing conservative Supreme Court justices. He made strides towards achieving world peace with historic visits to China and the Soviet Union, resulting in critical treaties for nuclear arms reduction. He also played a pivotal role in securing a Vietnam War ceasefire in 1973 and brokering critical agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Yet, the Watergate scandal, stemming from illegal activities during his reelection campaign, led to cover-up attempts and damaging revelations. Facing certain impeachment, Nixon made the unprecedented decision to resign in 1974. In his later years, his reputation improved somewhat as he offered his insights as an elder statesman and prolific author on foreign affairs.
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum - Yorba Linda, California
Richard and Pat Nixons gravesite at Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum - Yorba Linda, California
Checkers (1952 - 1964) - Bide-a-Wee Association Pet Cemetery, Wantagh, New York
Gerald Ford
July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006
Spouse:
Betty Bloomer
Home:
Rancho Mirage, California
Term:
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Gerald R. Ford became President during a national crisis sparked by the Watergate scandal and the first-ever presidential resignation. His oath of office was a somber acknowledgment of the difficult circumstances facing the nation. Ford faced immense challenges: soaring inflation, a struggling economy, energy shortages, and preserving international peace.
Known for his honesty and open nature, qualities honed during his 25 years as a Congressman and House Minority Leader, Ford aimed to restore trust in the government. He believed that reducing government intervention and spending would lead to greater long-term prosperity. Ford's early presidential actions included the controversial decision to pardon former President Nixon. He aimed to heal past divisions, and later selected Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vacant Vice Presidency.
Ford tackled his goals with a consistent approach derived from his political views – moderate on domestic issues, fiscally conservative, and an internationalist in foreign policy. He sought to curb inflation, address the recession, and promote business through tax cuts and deregulation. Despite facing a largely Democratic Congress, Ford remained committed to his vision, frequently using his veto power to block spending bills out of inflation concerns. On the world stage, amidst events like the fall of South Vietnam, Ford prioritized maintaining US influence. He aided in securing a truce between Israel and Egypt in the Middle East and continued arms control initiatives with the Soviet Union. Although Ford earned the 1976 Republican nomination, he ultimately lost the presidency to Jimmy Carter. The new President, and the nation, thanked Ford for his service and efforts to move the country forward after a dark period.
Known for his honesty and open nature, qualities honed during his 25 years as a Congressman and House Minority Leader, Ford aimed to restore trust in the government. He believed that reducing government intervention and spending would lead to greater long-term prosperity. Ford's early presidential actions included the controversial decision to pardon former President Nixon. He aimed to heal past divisions, and later selected Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vacant Vice Presidency.
Ford tackled his goals with a consistent approach derived from his political views – moderate on domestic issues, fiscally conservative, and an internationalist in foreign policy. He sought to curb inflation, address the recession, and promote business through tax cuts and deregulation. Despite facing a largely Democratic Congress, Ford remained committed to his vision, frequently using his veto power to block spending bills out of inflation concerns. On the world stage, amidst events like the fall of South Vietnam, Ford prioritized maintaining US influence. He aided in securing a truce between Israel and Egypt in the Middle East and continued arms control initiatives with the Soviet Union. Although Ford earned the 1976 Republican nomination, he ultimately lost the presidency to Jimmy Carter. The new President, and the nation, thanked Ford for his service and efforts to move the country forward after a dark period.
Birthplace of Gerald Ford - Omaha, Nebraska
Birthplace of Gerald Ford - Omaha, Nebraska
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum - Grand Rapids, Michigan
Burial site of Gerald and Betty Ford next to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids.
Jimmy Carter
October 1, 1924 -
Spouse:
Rosalynn Smith
Home:
Plains, Georgia
Term:
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Vice President:
Walter Mondale
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
James Earl Carter, Jr., commonly known as Jimmy Carter, was born on October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. Raised in a farming community with a focus on peanuts, politics, and devotion to the Baptist faith, Carter's early life grounded him in the values that would later inform his political career. After graduating from the Naval Academy in 1946, Carter married Rosalynn Smith, and the couple had four children. Carter served seven years as a naval officer before returning to Plains, where he transitioned from naval service to politics. In 1962, he entered state politics, and by 1970, he was elected Governor of Georgia. As governor, he was noted for his efforts in promoting environmental conservation, government efficiency, and racial integration.
Carter declared his candidacy for President of the United States in December 1974, embarking on a two-year campaign. At the Democratic Convention, he secured the nomination on the first ballot and chose Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate. The 1976 campaign saw Carter debating President Gerald R. Ford three times before winning the presidency with 297 electoral votes to Ford's 241. During his presidency, Carter faced significant challenges, including persistent inflation and unemployment. Despite these economic troubles, his administration managed to create nearly eight million jobs and reduce the budget deficit relative to the gross national product. However, record-high inflation and interest rates overshadowed these accomplishments, contributing to a short recession.
In addition to his domestic policies, Carter was also active in foreign affairs, where he set a distinctive course by promoting human rights, which was often met with resistance from the Soviet Union among others. His diplomatic efforts achieved notable successes, including the Camp David Accords, which fostered peace between Egypt and Israel, and the establishment of full diplomatic relations with China. However, his presidency was marred by significant setbacks, such as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which halted the SALT II nuclear treaty, and the Iran hostage crisis, which dominated the final 14 months of his term. These international crises, coupled with domestic economic struggles, contributed to his defeat in the 1980 election. Despite these challenges, Carter continued to negotiate for the release of the American hostages in Iran, who were finally freed the day he left office, marking a fraught but poignant end to his presidency.
Carter declared his candidacy for President of the United States in December 1974, embarking on a two-year campaign. At the Democratic Convention, he secured the nomination on the first ballot and chose Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate. The 1976 campaign saw Carter debating President Gerald R. Ford three times before winning the presidency with 297 electoral votes to Ford's 241. During his presidency, Carter faced significant challenges, including persistent inflation and unemployment. Despite these economic troubles, his administration managed to create nearly eight million jobs and reduce the budget deficit relative to the gross national product. However, record-high inflation and interest rates overshadowed these accomplishments, contributing to a short recession.
In addition to his domestic policies, Carter was also active in foreign affairs, where he set a distinctive course by promoting human rights, which was often met with resistance from the Soviet Union among others. His diplomatic efforts achieved notable successes, including the Camp David Accords, which fostered peace between Egypt and Israel, and the establishment of full diplomatic relations with China. However, his presidency was marred by significant setbacks, such as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which halted the SALT II nuclear treaty, and the Iran hostage crisis, which dominated the final 14 months of his term. These international crises, coupled with domestic economic struggles, contributed to his defeat in the 1980 election. Despite these challenges, Carter continued to negotiate for the release of the American hostages in Iran, who were finally freed the day he left office, marking a fraught but poignant end to his presidency.
Portrait of President Carter at Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Atlanta, GA
Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Atlanta, GA
Ronald Reagan
February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004
Spouse:
Jane Wyman
Nancy Davis
Nancy Davis
Home:
Rancho del Cielo, Santa Barbara, California
Term:
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
Vice President:
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911, to Nelle and John Reagan. He attended high school in Dixon and worked to put himself through Eureka College, where he studied economics and sociology while playing football and participating in theatre. After graduation, he found success as a radio sports announcer, ultimately landing a Hollywood contract in 1937 which launched a film career spanning 53 movies over two decades.
Reagan had four children: Maureen and Michael from his first marriage to actress Jane Wyman (Maureen passed away in 2001), and Patricia Ann and Ronald Prescott from his second marriage to actress Nancy Davis. His involvement with the Screen Actors Guild, including its presidency, entangled him in disputes about Communism's impact on the film industry – this began his political shift from liberal to conservative. He gained popularity as a conservative spokesperson while hosting a television show. His popularity propelled him into a landslide victory as Governor of California in 1966, a position he won re-election to in 1970.
At the end of his two terms in office, Ronald Reagan looked back with satisfaction at his accomplishments under his "Reagan Revolution" program. This program aimed to revitalize the American spirit and limit reliance on government. Reagan believed he upheld his 1980 campaign promise to reinvigorate American progress, growth, and optimism.
Reagan had four children: Maureen and Michael from his first marriage to actress Jane Wyman (Maureen passed away in 2001), and Patricia Ann and Ronald Prescott from his second marriage to actress Nancy Davis. His involvement with the Screen Actors Guild, including its presidency, entangled him in disputes about Communism's impact on the film industry – this began his political shift from liberal to conservative. He gained popularity as a conservative spokesperson while hosting a television show. His popularity propelled him into a landslide victory as Governor of California in 1966, a position he won re-election to in 1970.
At the end of his two terms in office, Ronald Reagan looked back with satisfaction at his accomplishments under his "Reagan Revolution" program. This program aimed to revitalize the American spirit and limit reliance on government. Reagan believed he upheld his 1980 campaign promise to reinvigorate American progress, growth, and optimism.
Gravesite of Ronald and Nancey Reagan at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Thousand Oaks, California
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Thousand Oaks, California
Ronald Reagan Birthplace - Tampico, Illinois
George H. W. Bush
June 12, 1924 - November 30, 2018
Spouse:
Barbara Pierce
Home:
Kennebunkport, Maine
Term:
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
Vice President:
Dan Quayle
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts. From an early age, Bush was steeped in a family tradition of public service which would guide his career. As a young man, he demonstrated leadership qualities at Phillips Academy in Andover before enlisting in the armed forces on his 18th birthday. During World War II, Bush became the Navy’s youngest pilot, flying 58 combat missions. His wartime bravery earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross, particularly highlighted by an incident where, after being shot down by Japanese anti-aircraft fire, he was rescued from the Pacific by a U.S. submarine.
After the war, Bush focused on his education and family. He married Barbara Pierce in January 1945, and together they had six children. He attended Yale University where he excelled in sports and academics, becoming the captain of the baseball team and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Following his graduation, Bush embarked on a career in the oil industry in West Texas, mirroring the public service path of his father, Prescott Bush, who was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. George H. W. Bush’s political career began with two terms as a U.S. Representative from Texas, although he was unsuccessful in his two Senate bids. His commitment to public service continued as he held several significant governmental roles, including U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Chairman of the Republican National Committee, Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in China, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Bush’s presidential career was marked by his leadership during a time of significant global changes. In 1988, he won the presidency, serving during the end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Internationally, he led the U.S. response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait with Operation Desert Storm, a military campaign that achieved swift victory but his presidency was challenged domestically by a weak economy and rising violence in inner cities. Despite high approval ratings from his foreign policy successes, Bush was defeated by Bill Clinton in the 1992 election. George H. W. Bush passed away on November 30, 2018, leaving behind a legacy of a lifetime dedicated to serving his country.
After the war, Bush focused on his education and family. He married Barbara Pierce in January 1945, and together they had six children. He attended Yale University where he excelled in sports and academics, becoming the captain of the baseball team and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Following his graduation, Bush embarked on a career in the oil industry in West Texas, mirroring the public service path of his father, Prescott Bush, who was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. George H. W. Bush’s political career began with two terms as a U.S. Representative from Texas, although he was unsuccessful in his two Senate bids. His commitment to public service continued as he held several significant governmental roles, including U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Chairman of the Republican National Committee, Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in China, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Bush’s presidential career was marked by his leadership during a time of significant global changes. In 1988, he won the presidency, serving during the end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Internationally, he led the U.S. response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait with Operation Desert Storm, a military campaign that achieved swift victory but his presidency was challenged domestically by a weak economy and rising violence in inner cities. Despite high approval ratings from his foreign policy successes, Bush was defeated by Bill Clinton in the 1992 election. George H. W. Bush passed away on November 30, 2018, leaving behind a legacy of a lifetime dedicated to serving his country.
Walkers Point - George H. W. Bush Home - Kennebunkport, Maine
Walkers Point - George H. W. Bush Home - Kennebunkport, Maine
Funeral train in Navasoto, Texas - December 6, 2018
Engine 4141
Funeral train in Navasoto, Texas - December 6, 2018
Funeral train in Navasoto, Texas - December 6, 2018
January 7, 2019 - George H. W. Bush Library, College Station, TX
January 7, 2019 - Robin, 41 and Barbara Bush - George H. W. Bush Library, College Station, TX
January 7, 2019 - George H. W. Bush Library, College Station, TX
January 7, 2019 - George H. W. Bush Library, College Station, TX
Bill Clinton
August 19, 1946 -
Spouse:
Hillary Rodham
Home:
New York, New York
Term:
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Vice President:
Al Gore
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas, Clinton's personal history is characterized by early tragedy and resilience. He was renamed after his stepfather, taking the Clinton surname as a child. A bright student and talented saxophonist, his encounter with President John F. Kennedy as a high school student steered him towards public service. Clinton's academic journey included a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University and a law degree from Yale. His political career began in Arkansas, where he served as Attorney General and Governor before ascending to the presidency in 1992. Despite personal and political challenges, including an impeachment trial over indiscretions while in office, Clinton maintained high approval ratings and engaged in significant global initiatives, promoting U.S. ideals abroad.
During the presidency of William Jefferson Clinton, the United States witnessed significant periods of peace and economic prosperity. Clinton, a Democrat, was notably the first to be re-elected since Franklin D. Roosevelt. His tenure was marked by several economic milestones: notably low unemployment rates, minimal inflation not seen in three decades, and a record number of home ownerships. Crime rates fell in numerous locations, and welfare rolls were reduced. He proposed and achieved a balanced budget, the first in years, and even realized a budget surplus. Furthermore, Clinton advocated for racial equality, marking this commitment as part of his initiative to celebrate the new millennium in 2000.
Clinton's early presidency faced challenges, particularly with the failure of a substantial health care reform program during his second year. This setback prompted a strategic pivot away from expansive government roles, encapsulated in his declaration that "the era of big government is over." Redirecting his focus, Clinton pushed for legislative reforms in education, job security for parents caring for sick children, handgun sales restrictions, and strengthening of environmental laws. This shift signified a pragmatic approach to governance, focusing on achievable objectives that resonated with the public and aimed at long-term societal benefits.
During the presidency of William Jefferson Clinton, the United States witnessed significant periods of peace and economic prosperity. Clinton, a Democrat, was notably the first to be re-elected since Franklin D. Roosevelt. His tenure was marked by several economic milestones: notably low unemployment rates, minimal inflation not seen in three decades, and a record number of home ownerships. Crime rates fell in numerous locations, and welfare rolls were reduced. He proposed and achieved a balanced budget, the first in years, and even realized a budget surplus. Furthermore, Clinton advocated for racial equality, marking this commitment as part of his initiative to celebrate the new millennium in 2000.
Clinton's early presidency faced challenges, particularly with the failure of a substantial health care reform program during his second year. This setback prompted a strategic pivot away from expansive government roles, encapsulated in his declaration that "the era of big government is over." Redirecting his focus, Clinton pushed for legislative reforms in education, job security for parents caring for sick children, handgun sales restrictions, and strengthening of environmental laws. This shift signified a pragmatic approach to governance, focusing on achievable objectives that resonated with the public and aimed at long-term societal benefits.
President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home - Hope, Arkansas (photographed 1998)
Clinton Presidential Center - Little Rock, Arkansas
George W. Bush
July 6, 1946 -
Spouse:
Laura Welch
Home:
Crawford, Texas
Term:
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Vice President:
Dick Cheney
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
George W. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut, while his father attended Yale University after his service in World War II. The family then moved to Midland, Texas, where Bush spent his formative years and attended public schools. After graduating from Yale, he earned a business degree from Harvard and returned to Midland to engage in the oil business. There, he met and married Laura Welch, a teacher and librarian, and they had twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara. Bush's early life in Texas shaped his perspectives and formed enduring friendships that followed him into his political career.
Bush's political ascent began in earnest when he followed his father's footsteps into the presidency, becoming the 43rd president of the United States at age 54. This marked only the second time in U.S. history that a president's son also became president—the first being John Quincy Adams. The 2000 presidential campaign saw Bush initially leading Vice President Al Gore Jr. by a significant margin, though the gap narrowed by Election Day. After a contentious election process that included a Supreme Court decision, Bush won the presidency by a narrow margin, focusing his administration on principles of "compassionate conservatism," including education reform, tax relief, and community volunteerism.
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, profoundly altered the course of Bush's presidency, transforming him into a wartime president. He established the Department of Homeland Security and led military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq, the latter based on the belief that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein posed a significant threat to the United States. Although Saddam was captured, the challenges in Iraq persisted into Bush’s second term. His re-election campaign in 2004 centered around national security, and he won a closely contested election against Senator John Kerry. During his second term, Bush emphasized the power of freedom to overcome adversity, a theme he articulated during his second inaugural address, reflecting on America's role in promoting freedom following the end of the Cold War and the challenges posed by global terrorism.
Bush's political ascent began in earnest when he followed his father's footsteps into the presidency, becoming the 43rd president of the United States at age 54. This marked only the second time in U.S. history that a president's son also became president—the first being John Quincy Adams. The 2000 presidential campaign saw Bush initially leading Vice President Al Gore Jr. by a significant margin, though the gap narrowed by Election Day. After a contentious election process that included a Supreme Court decision, Bush won the presidency by a narrow margin, focusing his administration on principles of "compassionate conservatism," including education reform, tax relief, and community volunteerism.
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, profoundly altered the course of Bush's presidency, transforming him into a wartime president. He established the Department of Homeland Security and led military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq, the latter based on the belief that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein posed a significant threat to the United States. Although Saddam was captured, the challenges in Iraq persisted into Bush’s second term. His re-election campaign in 2004 centered around national security, and he won a closely contested election against Senator John Kerry. During his second term, Bush emphasized the power of freedom to overcome adversity, a theme he articulated during his second inaugural address, reflecting on America's role in promoting freedom following the end of the Cold War and the challenges posed by global terrorism.
Governor George W. Bush walking and shaking hands in the Fort Bend County Fair Parade in Richmond, Texas. (photographed 1998)
George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum - Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
Barack Obama
August 4, 1961 -
Spouse:
Michelle Robinson
Home:
Chicago, Illinois
Term:
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
Vice President:
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Barack Obama made history when he was elected as the first African American president of the United States in 2008. Born to a Kenyan father, Barack Sr., and an American mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, Obama's early life was marked by multicultural influences. After his parents divorced, he spent some of his childhood years in Indonesia before returning to Honolulu to live with his grandparents and attend the prestigious Punahou School on a scholarship. This unique background shaped his understanding of diverse cultures and the complexities of American society.
Before his ascendancy to the national political stage, Obama carved out a path of public service and civil rights advocacy. After attending Occidental College, he transferred to Columbia University to study political science and international relations. Upon graduating in 1983, he moved to Chicago where he became deeply involved in community organizing, addressing issues like housing and job training in economically depressed areas. His commitment to civil rights was further solidified during his time at Harvard Law School, where he became the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. This distinction elevated his profile and set the stage for his return to Chicago, where he practiced as a civil rights lawyer.
Obama's political career began in the Illinois Senate, where he served from 1996 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 2004. His speech at the Democratic National Convention that year catapulted him into the national spotlight and set the trajectory for his 2008 presidential run, where he defeated Senator John McCain. During his presidency, Obama tackled a myriad of challenges including the economic recession, ongoing wars, and healthcare reform. His administration was notable for significant legislative achievements such as the economic stimulus package, the Affordable Care Act, and financial reform. In 2009, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and he was re-elected in 2012. Throughout his presidency and beyond, Obama remained a symbol of progress and a proponent of civil rights, reflecting on his achievements and the ongoing journey toward a more perfect union.
Before his ascendancy to the national political stage, Obama carved out a path of public service and civil rights advocacy. After attending Occidental College, he transferred to Columbia University to study political science and international relations. Upon graduating in 1983, he moved to Chicago where he became deeply involved in community organizing, addressing issues like housing and job training in economically depressed areas. His commitment to civil rights was further solidified during his time at Harvard Law School, where he became the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. This distinction elevated his profile and set the stage for his return to Chicago, where he practiced as a civil rights lawyer.
Obama's political career began in the Illinois Senate, where he served from 1996 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 2004. His speech at the Democratic National Convention that year catapulted him into the national spotlight and set the trajectory for his 2008 presidential run, where he defeated Senator John McCain. During his presidency, Obama tackled a myriad of challenges including the economic recession, ongoing wars, and healthcare reform. His administration was notable for significant legislative achievements such as the economic stimulus package, the Affordable Care Act, and financial reform. In 2009, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and he was re-elected in 2012. Throughout his presidency and beyond, Obama remained a symbol of progress and a proponent of civil rights, reflecting on his achievements and the ongoing journey toward a more perfect union.
Donald Trump
June 14, 1946
Spouse:
Ivana Zelníčková, Marla Maples, Melania Knauss
Home:
New York, New York and Palm Beach, Florida
Term:
January 20, 2017 - January 20, 2021
Vice President:
Mike Pence
Political Party:
Republican
Info:
Donald John Trump was born in Queens, New York, on June 14, 1946, into a family steeped in real estate development, led by his father, Fred Trump. He was educated at the New York Military Academy and later graduated from the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania. Trump took over his father's business in 1971, renaming it the Trump Organization, and expanded its operations to include hotels, resorts, residential and commercial buildings, casinos, and golf courses. He published his first book, "The Art of the Deal," in 1987 and became a household name with the launch of the reality television show "The Apprentice" in 2004.
Trump entered the political arena with a splash, securing the Republican nomination for president in 2016 after defeating more than a dozen rivals. Despite losing the popular vote, he won the presidency by securing a majority in the Electoral College, defeating former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. His presidency was marked by a distinctive communication style, heavily utilizing Twitter to voice his opinions and policies directly to the public. His administration implemented significant policies including major tax reform, deregulation, and protectionist trade measures that involved renegotiating several key international trade agreements.
Trump's tenure in the White House was also notable for its foreign policy actions, such as moving the U.S. Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and engaging in direct talks with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Domestically, his administration faced significant challenges, notably the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in significant criticism of his handling of the public health crisis despite the administration's efforts in expediting vaccine development through Operation Warp Speed. His presidency concluded amid controversy, with his second impeachment by the House of Representatives for incitement of insurrection following the violent events at the Capitol on January 6, 2021. This made him the only president in American history to be impeached twice.
The biography for President Trump and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association.
(source: Donald Trump at whitehouse.gov)
Trump entered the political arena with a splash, securing the Republican nomination for president in 2016 after defeating more than a dozen rivals. Despite losing the popular vote, he won the presidency by securing a majority in the Electoral College, defeating former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. His presidency was marked by a distinctive communication style, heavily utilizing Twitter to voice his opinions and policies directly to the public. His administration implemented significant policies including major tax reform, deregulation, and protectionist trade measures that involved renegotiating several key international trade agreements.
Trump's tenure in the White House was also notable for its foreign policy actions, such as moving the U.S. Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and engaging in direct talks with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Domestically, his administration faced significant challenges, notably the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in significant criticism of his handling of the public health crisis despite the administration's efforts in expediting vaccine development through Operation Warp Speed. His presidency concluded amid controversy, with his second impeachment by the House of Representatives for incitement of insurrection following the violent events at the Capitol on January 6, 2021. This made him the only president in American history to be impeached twice.
The biography for President Trump and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association.
(source: Donald Trump at whitehouse.gov)
Joe Biden, Jr.
November 20, 1942
Spouse:
Neilia Hunter, Jill Jacobs
Home:
Greeneville, Delaware
Term:
January 20, 2021 – Present
Vice President:
Kamala Harris
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr. was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on November 20, 1942, as the first of four children to Catherine Eugenia Finnegan Biden and Joseph Robinette Biden, Sr. The family relocated to Claymont, Delaware in 1953. Biden pursued higher education at the University of Delaware before earning a law degree from Syracuse Law School. He started his political career on the New Castle County Council before becoming one of the youngest individuals ever elected to the U.S. Senate at age 29. Tragically, just weeks after his election, his wife Neilia and daughter Naomi died in a car accident that also critically injured his sons, Hunter and Beau. Biden was sworn into the Senate at his sons' hospital bedsides, beginning his long practice of commuting from Wilmington to Washington to maintain his family life while serving in the Senate.
In 1977, Biden married Jill Jacobs, who became a lifelong educator and earned her doctorate in education. The Biden family was complete with the birth of their daughter, Ashley Blazer, in 1980. Tragedy struck again when Beau Biden, who served as Attorney General of Delaware, died of brain cancer in 2015. Beau's death profoundly affected Biden, fueling his ongoing commitment to cancer research and treatment. Throughout his 36 years in the Senate, Biden distinguished himself through significant legislative work, including his leadership roles on the Senate Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committees. He spearheaded the Violence Against Women Act and played a pivotal role in shaping U.S. foreign policy, dealing with issues from terrorism and nuclear weapons to international relations and apartheid.
Joe Biden served as Vice President under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017, where he continued to address major national and international issues. He was instrumental in implementing the Recovery Act, which aimed to counter the Great Recession and bolster economic growth. He also played a key role in the passage of the Affordable Care Act, which significantly reduced the number of uninsured Americans and protected individuals with pre-existing conditions. His efforts extended to foreign policy, where he helped to strengthen U.S. alliances and was involved in military and diplomatic initiatives, including the drawdown of U.S. troops from Iraq. In recognition of his service, President Obama awarded Biden the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction, the nation's highest civilian honor. After his vice presidency, Biden remained active in public service, focusing on broad issues such as public health, diplomacy, and economic recovery, culminating in his announcement of his presidential candidacy in 2019.
(source: Joe Biden at whitehouse.gov)
In 1977, Biden married Jill Jacobs, who became a lifelong educator and earned her doctorate in education. The Biden family was complete with the birth of their daughter, Ashley Blazer, in 1980. Tragedy struck again when Beau Biden, who served as Attorney General of Delaware, died of brain cancer in 2015. Beau's death profoundly affected Biden, fueling his ongoing commitment to cancer research and treatment. Throughout his 36 years in the Senate, Biden distinguished himself through significant legislative work, including his leadership roles on the Senate Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committees. He spearheaded the Violence Against Women Act and played a pivotal role in shaping U.S. foreign policy, dealing with issues from terrorism and nuclear weapons to international relations and apartheid.
Joe Biden served as Vice President under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017, where he continued to address major national and international issues. He was instrumental in implementing the Recovery Act, which aimed to counter the Great Recession and bolster economic growth. He also played a key role in the passage of the Affordable Care Act, which significantly reduced the number of uninsured Americans and protected individuals with pre-existing conditions. His efforts extended to foreign policy, where he helped to strengthen U.S. alliances and was involved in military and diplomatic initiatives, including the drawdown of U.S. troops from Iraq. In recognition of his service, President Obama awarded Biden the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction, the nation's highest civilian honor. After his vice presidency, Biden remained active in public service, focusing on broad issues such as public health, diplomacy, and economic recovery, culminating in his announcement of his presidential candidacy in 2019.
(source: Joe Biden at whitehouse.gov)
President Joe Biden's childhood home in Scranton, Pennsylvania
President Joe Biden's childhood home in Scranton, Pennsylvania
Joe Biden at the Sugar Land Smart Financial Centre on Dec. 7, 2017 during his book tour "Promise Me, Dad: A Year of Hope, Hardship, and Purpose."
Tickets to "Promise Me, Dad: A Year of Hope, Hardship, and Purpose"
David Rice Atchison
August 11, 1807 - January 26, 1886
Spouse:
None
Home:
Plattsburg, Missouri
Term:
March 4, 1849
Vice President:
None
Political Party:
Democratic
Info:
David Rice Atchison, born in 1807, was a prominent figure in Missouri politics and U.S. national affairs during the mid-19th century. He embarked on his political journey after establishing a successful law practice in Clay County, Missouri, in 1829. Atchison's legal career gained significant momentum when he represented the Mormon community during their tumultuous expulsion from Jackson County in 1833. His advocacy for the Mormons garnered enough support to propel him into the Missouri state legislature by 1834. Subsequently, Atchison served as a brigadier general in the state militia and as a state court judge before being appointed to the U.S. Senate in 1843, where he served until 1855.
While in the Senate, Atchison became known for his strong support of slavery, aligning with the Southern senators who advocated for the expansion of slavery into new territories, leading to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. This act inflamed national tensions and contributed to the onset of the Civil War. Despite his controversial stances, Atchison was respected by his peers, serving as president pro tempore of the Senate multiple times. His role in this position led to his unique claim of being "President for a Day." On March 4, 1849, a Sunday, the outgoing President James Polk ended his term, and President-elect Zachary Taylor delayed his inauguration until the following day, creating a peculiar situation where Atchison was next in line for the presidency, according to the succession act at the time.
The claim that Atchison was president for a day has been largely debunked by historians. Atchison himself joked about the situation, never taking it seriously, and historical analysis confirms that his term as president pro tempore ended at noon on March 4, the same time Polk's term ended, leaving the position vacant until reappointment the following day. The constitutionality of this situation has been discussed, with some suggesting that Taylor was effectively president as soon as Polk's term ended, capable of executing duties if needed. Despite the legal ambiguities, the story of Atchison's one-day presidency remains a curious footnote in American political lore, symbolized by the plaque in Plattsburg, Missouri, but it highlights the complexities and sometimes humorous anecdotes of presidential successions.
(source: David Rice Atchison: (Not) President for a Day at senate.gov)
While in the Senate, Atchison became known for his strong support of slavery, aligning with the Southern senators who advocated for the expansion of slavery into new territories, leading to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. This act inflamed national tensions and contributed to the onset of the Civil War. Despite his controversial stances, Atchison was respected by his peers, serving as president pro tempore of the Senate multiple times. His role in this position led to his unique claim of being "President for a Day." On March 4, 1849, a Sunday, the outgoing President James Polk ended his term, and President-elect Zachary Taylor delayed his inauguration until the following day, creating a peculiar situation where Atchison was next in line for the presidency, according to the succession act at the time.
The claim that Atchison was president for a day has been largely debunked by historians. Atchison himself joked about the situation, never taking it seriously, and historical analysis confirms that his term as president pro tempore ended at noon on March 4, the same time Polk's term ended, leaving the position vacant until reappointment the following day. The constitutionality of this situation has been discussed, with some suggesting that Taylor was effectively president as soon as Polk's term ended, capable of executing duties if needed. Despite the legal ambiguities, the story of Atchison's one-day presidency remains a curious footnote in American political lore, symbolized by the plaque in Plattsburg, Missouri, but it highlights the complexities and sometimes humorous anecdotes of presidential successions.
(source: David Rice Atchison: (Not) President for a Day at senate.gov)
David Rice Atchison - Plattsburg, Missouri
US Senator. Twice elected as a Senator from Missouri to the United States Senate, serving first from 1843 to 1848, then from 1849 to 1855. Served as President Pro Tempore of the Senate in 1849. The term of President James K Polk ended on Sunday March 4 1849, and President-Elect Zachary Taylor refused to take the oath of office on a Sunday, so Senator Atchison is said to have been President of The United States for one day. In reality President Polk's term was extended for one day, and David Atchison spent the entire day he was supposed to have been President in bed. Atchison Counties in Missouri and Kansas are named for him.
Birthplace of Atchison located in Lexington, Kentucky
Birthplace of Atchison located in Lexington, Kentucky
Samuel Huntington
16 Jul 1731 – 5 Jan 1796
Spouse:
Martha Devotion
Home:
Norwich, Connecticut
Term:
September 28, 1779 - July 9, 1781
Vice President:
None
Political Party:
Federalist
Info:
Samuel Huntington was born on July 16, 1731, on a farm in Windham, Connecticut. With limited opportunities for formal education in his youth, Huntington pursued self-study, using the library of local minister Ebenezer Devotion. His dedication to learning allowed him to successfully pass the bar and be admitted to practice law in 1754. In 1761, Samuel married Martha Devotion, Ebenezer’s daughter, which further established his status within Connecticut’s legal community. By 1765, he had advanced to the position of King’s Attorney for the colony of Connecticut.
Despite his initially prestigious role as King's Attorney, Huntington's strong support for the Patriot cause led him to resign and participate more actively in the movement for independence from British rule. His commitment to the cause saw him elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he represented Connecticut. On July 4, 1776, he signed the Declaration of Independence alongside fifty-five other signatories, formally opposing British rule and contributing to the foundational moment of the United States.
On September 28, 1779, Huntington was elected as the 6th president of the Continental Congress, during which time, on March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. This document referred to the nation as the 'United States' for the first time, leading some historians to consider Huntington as the first president of the United States. After concluding his national service, Huntington returned to Connecticut, where he held various significant roles including Lieutenant Governor, Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, and ultimately, Governor. He led the state through its transition to statehood and the early years of the new federal union until his death in 1796. Huntington's legacy as a practical leader and dedicated patriot remains a significant part of Connecticut’s history.
(source: Samuel Huntington - The First President of the United States? at judt.ct.gov)
Despite his initially prestigious role as King's Attorney, Huntington's strong support for the Patriot cause led him to resign and participate more actively in the movement for independence from British rule. His commitment to the cause saw him elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he represented Connecticut. On July 4, 1776, he signed the Declaration of Independence alongside fifty-five other signatories, formally opposing British rule and contributing to the foundational moment of the United States.
On September 28, 1779, Huntington was elected as the 6th president of the Continental Congress, during which time, on March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. This document referred to the nation as the 'United States' for the first time, leading some historians to consider Huntington as the first president of the United States. After concluding his national service, Huntington returned to Connecticut, where he held various significant roles including Lieutenant Governor, Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, and ultimately, Governor. He led the state through its transition to statehood and the early years of the new federal union until his death in 1796. Huntington's legacy as a practical leader and dedicated patriot remains a significant part of Connecticut’s history.
(source: Samuel Huntington - The First President of the United States? at judt.ct.gov)
Portrait by Charles Willson Peale: Samuel Huntington, was a jurist, statesman, and a delegate to the from Connecticut to the Continental Congress. He also served as President of the Continental Congress from 1779 to 1781, chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1784 to 1785, and the 18th Governor of Connecticut from 1786 until his death.
Plaque at the tomb of Samuel Huntington - Norwich, Connecticut
Old Norwichtown Burial Ground - Norwich, Connecticut
Tomb of Samuel Huntington - Norwich, Connecticut
Tomb of Samuel Huntington - Norwich, Connecticut
I am so envious you were able to see Joe Biden live on stage during his 2017 book tour! Also, I had no idea about the "Atchison Presidency" story. Thanks for that history gem.
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